Impact of Diurnal Periodicity, Temperature, and Light on Sporulation of Bremia lactucae     

Nordskog B  Gadoury DM  Seem RC  Hermansen A 《Phytopathology》2007,97(8):979-986

ABSTRACT We evaluated direct and interactive effects of light quality and intensity, temperature and light, diurnal rhythms, and timing of high relative humidity during long day lengths on sporulation of Bremia lactucae, the causal agent of lettuce downy mildew, using inoculated lettuce seedlings and detached cotyledons. Suppression of sporulation by light was strongly dependent upon temperature and there was little suppression at 相似文献   

A common genetic variant is associated with adult and childhood obesity     

Herbert A  Gerry NP  McQueen MB  Heid IM  Pfeufer A  Illig T  Wichmann HE  Meitinger T  Hunter D  Hu FB  Colditz G  Hinney A  Hebebrand J  Koberwitz K  Zhu X  Cooper R  Ardlie K  Lyon H  Hirschhorn JN  Laird NM  Lenburg ME  Lange C  Christman MF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5771):279-283

Obesity is a heritable trait and a risk factor for many common diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension. We used a dense whole-genome scan of DNA samples from the Framingham Heart Study participants to identify a common genetic variant near the INSIG2 gene associated with obesity. We have replicated the finding in four separate samples composed of individuals of Western European ancestry, African Americans, and children. The obesity-predisposing genotype is present in 10% of individuals. Our study suggests that common genetic polymorphisms are important determinants of obesity.  相似文献   

Sequence analysis of a "true" chalcone synthase (chs_H1) oligofamily from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) and PAP1 activation of chs_H1 in heterologous systems     

Matousek J  Vrba L  Skopek J  Orctova L  Pesina K  Heyerick A  Baulcombe D  De Keukeleire D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(20):7606-7615

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Detergents modify proteinase K resistance of PrP Sc in different transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)     

Breyer J  Wemheuer WM  Wrede A  Graham C  Benestad SL  Brenig B  Richt JA  Schulz-Schaeffer WJ 《Veterinary microbiology》2012,157(1-2):23-31

Prion diseases are diagnosed by the detection of their proteinase K-resistant prion protein fragment (PrP(Sc)). Various biochemical protocols use different detergents for the tissue preparation. We found that the resistance of PrP(Sc) against proteinase K may vary strongly with the detergent used. In our study, we investigated the influence of the most commonly used detergents on eight different TSE agents derived from different species and distinct prion disease forms. For a high throughput we used a membrane adsorption assay to detect small amounts of prion aggregates, as well as Western blotting. Tissue lysates were prepared using DOC, SLS, SDS or Triton X-100 in different concentrations and these were digested with various amounts of proteinase K. Detergents are able to enhance or diminish the detectability of PrP(Sc) after proteinase K digestion. Depending on the kind of detergent, its concentration - but also on the host species that developed the TSE and the disease form or prion type - the detectability of PrP(Sc) can be very different. The results obtained here may be helpful during the development or improvement of a PrP(Sc) detection method and they point towards a detergent effect that can be additionally used for decontamination purposes. A plausible explanation for the detergent effects described in this article could be an interaction with the lipids associated with PrP(Sc) that may stabilize the aggregates.  相似文献   

Carbon stocks of soil and vegetation on Danubian floodplains     

Arne Cierjacks  Birgit Kleinschmit  Maren Babinsky  Fritz Kleinschroth  Arvid Markert  Markus Menzel  Ulrike Ziechmann  Theresa Schiller  Markus Graf  Friederike Lang 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2010,173(5):644-653

Riparian forests are assumed to play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. However, little data are available on C stocks of floodplains in comparison to other terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we quantified the C stocks of aboveground biomass and soils of riparian vegetation types at 76 sampling sites in the Donau‐Auen National Park in Austria. Based on our results and a remotely sensed vegetation map, we estimated total C stocks. Carbon stocks in soils (up to 354 t ha^–1 within 1 m below surface) were huge compared to other terrestrial ecosystems. As expected, soils of different vegetation types showed different texture with a higher percentage of sandy soils at the softwood sites, while loamy soils prevailed at hardwood sites. Total C stocks of vegetation types were significantly different, but reflect differences in woody plant biomass rather than in soil C stocks. Mature hardwood and cottonwood forests proved to have significantly higher total C stocks (474 and 403 t ha^–1, respectively) than young reforestations (217 t ha^–1) and meadows (212 t ha^–1). The C pools of softwood forests (356 t ha^–1) ranged between those of hardwood/cottonwood forests and of reforestations/meadows. Our study proves the relevance of floodplains as possible C sinks, which should be increasingly taken into account for river management. Furthermore, we conclude that plant‐species distribution does not indicate the conditions of sedimentation and soil C sequestration over the time span of interest for the development of soil C stocks.  相似文献   

Movements and spatiotemporal distribution of escaped farmed and local wild Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)     

Ingebrigt Uglem  Pål Arne Bjørn  Trine Dale  Sven Kerwath  Finn Økland  Rune Nilsen  Kåre Aas  Ian Fleming  & Robert Scott McKinley 《Aquaculture Research》2008,39(2):158-170

Commercial farming of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) is now being developed in several countries. The ecological consequences of cod culture are poorly understood, but recent research suggests that Atlantic cod are more prone to escape from net pens than Atlantic salmon. Here, we describe the movements and the spatiotemporal distribution of farmed cod after escape relative to wild cod, both during and outside the natural spawning season. The experimental design included simulating escape incidents of farmed cod tagged with acoustic transmitters and using an array of automatic listening stations to monitor their dispersal and distribution. For comparison, local wild cod were monitored using the same array of receivers. The farmed cod dispersed rapidly after a simulated escape, they randomly distributed over large areas and their distribution overlapped with local wild cod. Moreover, escaped farmed fish were found at local cod spawning areas during the spawning season. The study also indicated that the recapture rate of escaped farmed cod was high compared with that of escaped farmed salmon. Thus, while our results showed that there is a considerable potential for ecosystem effects caused by escaped farmed cod, mitigating actions such as an efficient recapture fishery for escapees may be possible.  相似文献   

Use of corrosion casting techniques to evaluate coronary collateral vessels and anastomoses in hearts of canine cadavers     

Noestelthaller A  Probst A  Koenig HE 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(10):1724-1728

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Copper,Zinc and Molybdenum in Livers of Norwegian Cattle At Slaughter     

Arne Frslie  Gunnar Norheim  Erling Waasj 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1980,21(1):62

The concentrations of copper, zinc and molybdenum were measured in samples of cattle liver from 10 slaughter-houses in Norway. A total of 335 samples were analysed. A clear accumulation of copper with age was found, the average copper level in the younger animals (≦ 3 years, n = 194) being 30 µg Cu/g liver wet weight, and in the older ones (> 3 years, n = 141) 59 µg Gu/g. The range in the copper values found was considerable, though significant differences between some of the districts were recorded. Copper concentrations were classified as low (≦10 µg Gu/g) in 9.6 % of the samples. Zinc showed no accumulation with age, nor were there any differences in zinc levels found in animals from different districts, the average level being 32 µg Zn/g liver wet weight. The picture was the same for molybdenum, no differences between age groups or districts being found. The average level was 1.0 µg Mo/g liver. There was no significant correlation between levels of copper, zinc or molybdenum.The supply of copper and zinc to cattle in Norway seems close to sufficient, but copper- and zinc-fortified mineral supplementation of cattle feed is still to be recommended. There seems to be no need for molybdenum supplementation in cattle.  相似文献   

The Concentrations of Copper,Zinc and Molyrdenum in Swine Liver and the Relationship to the Distrirution of Solurle Copper- and Zinc-Rinding Proteins     

Arne Frslie  Gunnar Norheim 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1977,18(4):471

The concentrations of copper, zinc and molybdenum were measured in liver samples from 21 normal slaughter pigs (average age about 6 months) and in 36 sows (average age about 2 years). The following mean values were found: Slaughter pigs: 15 ± 8 µg Cu/g, 45 ± 7 μg Zm/g and 1.0 ± 0.2 μg Mo/g wet weight; sows: 46 ± 70 μg Cu/g, 70 ± 26 μg Zn/g and 1.3 ± 0.3 μg Mo/g wet weight. The concentrations of all 3 elements were significantly higher in the sows than in the young pigs. There was no correlation between the concentrations of copper, zinc or molybdenum. The recorded copper levels in the slaughter pigs were in accordance with the levels of non-supplemented pigs given in the literature. The soluble hepatic copper- and zinc-binding proteins were separated into 3 different fractions by gel filtration. With increasing copper and zinc levels in the liver, a higher relative amount of these elements were found in the low molecular weight fraction.  相似文献   

Susceptibility of Foxes to Clostridium Botulinum Type C and E Toxins     

Magne Yndestad  Arne Helgebostad  Gudbrand Loftsgrd 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1977,18(1):23

Investigations were performed to determine the exact susceptibility of foxes to Clostridium botulinum type C and E toxins.Doses of 5 mill. MLD type C toxin mixed with the feed did not cause symptoms of botulism in either cubs or adult foxes. Subcutaneous injections of 300,100(0 MLD or more were fatal to cubs, while 750,000 MLD caused the death of all adults.Regarding type E toxin, doses of 1 mill. MLD affected neither cubs nor adults on oral administration. Subcutaneously injected doses of 5,000 MLD or more killed all cubs, while 10,000 MLD was required to produce lethal effect on adult animals.The conclusion made is that foxes are highly resistant to both type C and E Clostridium botulinum toxins following oral application. It is further revealed that foxes are 60–70 times more susceptible to type E than to type C toxin when injected subcutaneously.  相似文献