Microbial and chemical sources of phosphorus supply modulate the yield and chemical composition of essential oil of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species) in sodic soils     

Arun Prasad  Sanjay Kumar  Ankit Pandey  Sukhmal Chand 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2012,48(1):117-122

Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) is a highly valued aromatic crop. Its growth is limited by soil salinity and sodicity stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and P fertilizers may enhance the growth and secondary metabolism in geranium plants. In this context, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of PSB, AM fungi (Glomus intraradices), and P fertilizer on the yield, chemical composition of essential oil, and mineral element acquisition of geranium. The dry matter yield of shoot and essential oil yield, and mineral element (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, and Zn) uptake in shoot tissues of geranium were significantly increased by the inoculation with AM fungi, co-inoculation with AM fungi and PSB, and P fertilization as compared to control. While the co-inoculation of geranium with AM fungi and PSB significantly enhanced the content of the monoterpenes such as citronellol, geraniol, geranial, and a sesquiterpene (10-epi-γ eudesmol), the P fertilization only enhanced the content of a sesquiterpene, 10-epi-γ eudesmol in the volatile oil. We conclude that the co-inoculation of PSB and AM fungi could be the best natural alternative to phosphate fertilizers to enhance the yield and quality of essential oil from geranium plants grown in sodic soils.  相似文献   

Convective Drying Kinetics and Physical Properties of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Fillets     

Yingqiang Wang  Arun S. Mujumdar 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(4):361-378

The aim of this work was to investigate drying kinetics of silver carp fillets at the temperatures of 40, 50, 60, and 70°C for two air velocities (0.5 and 1.5 m/s) and to evaluate the effect of drying temperature on the physical properties of the products. From regression analysis of the experimental data, a Two-term model was found to adequately predict the drying process at all conditions tested. Effective moisture diffusivities (D_eff) ranged between 2.47?×?10^?10 m²/s and 5.98?×?10^?10m²/s and increased with temperature and air velocity. Rehydration ratio, hardness, and springiness were significantly affected by drying temperature. Color parameters, except b*, showed no dependence on temperature.  相似文献   

Drying Kinetics and Quality Characteristics of Slightly Salted Grass Carp Fillets by Hot Air Drying and Vacuum Microwave Drying     

Juan Wan  Yingqiang Wang  Arun S. Mujumdar  Wang Yong-Jun 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(6):595-604

Salted grass carp fillets were dried by hot air drying (HD, at 35 and 45°C) and vacuum microwave drying (VMD, at 1, 4, and 7 W/g) to a final moisture content. Compared with hot air drying, the vacuum microwave drying greatly reduced drying time. The rehydration rate constant of salted grass carp fillets dried by microwave vacuum drying at 7-W/g microwave intensity was significantly higher than that of the hot air drying at 35 and 45°C. Compared with hot air drying, the vacuum microwave dried samples had a higher crude fat content (dry basis). The lightness of the samples dried by vacuum microwave drying was higher, and the yellowness was lower than those dried by hot air drying. The drying methods had no significant effect on the hardness and springiness.  相似文献   

Restructured Crispy Fish Cubes Containing Salicornia bigelovii Torr. Developed with Microwave Vacuum Drying     

Lingyu Wang  Arun S. Mujumdar  Yingqiang Wang  Chengpei Zhu 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(3):226-240

Restructured crispy fish cubes containing Salicornia bigelovii Torr. (S. bigelovii) were developed using microwave vacuum drying. A series of drying experiments and optimization experiments were conducted to optimize the process conditions of microwave vacuum drying. The quality parameters of fish cubes such as crispness, expansion ratio, and sensory score were measured. The optimal expansion ratio and crispness were decided on the basis of optimization experiments by response surface analysis. The results showed that the optimum microwave vacuum conditions were: initial moisture content of surimi was controlled at 60.5% (wet basis, w.b.) and microwave heating for 20 min at the vacuum pressure of 0.090 MPa and microwave power of 11 W/g. The final product had a uniform shape, homogenous texture, pleasant color, and delicious flavor.  相似文献   

Pesticidal seed coats based on azadirachtin‐A: release kinetics,storage life and performance     

Keyath Nisar  Jitendra Kumar  MB Arun Kumar  Suresh Walia  Najam A Shakil  Rajender Parsad  Balraj S Parmar 《Pest management science》2009,65(2):175-182

BACKGROUND: Infestation of seeds by pests during storage leads to deterioration in quality. Seed coating is an effective option to overcome the menace. Unlike synthetic fungicidal seed coats, little is known of those based on botanicals. This study aims at developing azadirachtin‐A‐based pesticidal seed coats to maintain seed quality during storage. RESULTS: Polymer‐ and clay‐based coats containing azadirachtin‐A were prepared and evaluated for quality maintenance of soybean seed during storage. Gum acacia, gum tragacanth, rosin, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyethyl methacrylate, methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and Agrimer VA 6 polymers and the clay bentonite were used as carriers. The time for 50% release (t_1/2) of azadirachtin‐A into water from the seeds coated with the different coats ranged from 8.02 to 21.36 h. The half‐life (T_1/2) of azadirachtin‐A in the coats on seed ranged from 4.37 to 11.22 months, as compared with 3.45 months in azadirachtin‐A WP, showing an increase by a factor of nearly 1.3–3.3 over the latter. The coats apparently acted as a barrier to moisture to reduce azadirachtin‐A degradation and prevented proliferation of storage fungi. Polyethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were significantly superior to the other polymers. Azadirachtin‐A showed a significant positive correlation with seed germination and vigour, and negative correlation with moisture content. CONCLUSION: Effective polymeric carriers for seed coats based on azadirachtin‐A are reported. These checked seed deterioration during storage by acting as a barrier to moisture and reduced the degradation of azadirachtin‐A. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Conservation and sustainable utilization of horticultural biodiversity in tropical Andaman and Nicobar Islands,India     

Shrawan Singh  Ajit Arun Waman  Pooja Bohra  R. K. Gautam  S. Dam Roy 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2016,63(8):1431-1445

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Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for zinc,iron and protein content in the grains of hexaploid wheat     

Chhavi Tiwari  Hugh Wallwork  Balasubramaniam Arun  Vinod Kumar Mishra  Govindan Velu  James Stangoulis  Uttam Kumar  Arun Kumar Joshi 《Euphytica》2016,207(3):563-570

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Evolution of agroforestry based farming systems: a study of Dhanusha District, Nepal     

Arun Dhakal  Geoff Cockfield  Tek Narayan Maraseni 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(1):17-33

This paper examines how agroforestry-based farming systems evolved in the Dhanusha district of Nepal following the conversion of forest into agriculture during the early 1950s. Some data are from two focus group discussions with agroforestry farmers and one meeting with agroforestry experts. The farmers?? discussion traced the development of farming practices from 1950 to 2010 to identify the drivers of land use change. The experts?? discussion resulted in a scale to differentiate the prevailing farming systems in the study area considering five key components of agroforestry: agricultural crops, livestock, forest tree crops, fruit tree crops and vegetable crops. Data related to the system components were collected from the randomly selected households. The study reveals that land use had generally changed from very simple agriculture to agroforestry, triggered by infrastructure development, technological innovations, institutional support (subsidies and buy-back guarantees) and extension programs. A range of farming systems with varying degrees of integration was evident in the study area: simple agriculture; less integrated agroforestry; semi-integrated agroforestry and highly integrated agroforestry. The three types of agroforestry systems, which are the focus of this study, varied significantly in terms of farm size, cropping intensity, use of farm inputs, tree species diversity, tree density, home to forest distance and agricultural labour force.  相似文献   

Introduction: Natural resources and ethnic conflicts in Asia Pacific     

Jefferson Fox  Arun Swamy 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2008,49(1):1-11

Abstract: The papers in this special issue are the product of a comparative interdisciplinary workshop on ‘Natural Resources and Violent Ethnic Conflicts in the Asia Pacific Region’ held in Honolulu, Hawaii, 18–20 March 2005. The workshop brought together scholars who study conflicts between ethnic groups and those who study conflicts over natural resource claims in order to examine the interplay of resources and ethnicity and to seek answers to the question of why violence occurs in some cases and not in others. Both sets of scholars agreed on some points but disagreed on others. They agreed that ethnic and resource grievances occur not so much out of objective deprivation but out of ‘relative deprivation’ when groups compare their situation with others, to the past, or to future expectations. They both stressed the role of democratic processes in alleviating resource competition and ethnic conflicts – but they did this in different ways. The perspectives and solutions offered by these papers sum to a deeper and more contextualised understanding of the cause of conflict and to mutually reinforcing solutions for resolving them.  相似文献   

Molecular mapping of genomic regions harboring QTLs for stalk rot resistance in sorghum   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. Srinivasa Reddy  B. Fakrudin  Rajkumar  S. M. Punnuri  S. S. Arun  M. S. Kuruvinashetti  I. K. Das  N. Seetharama 《Euphytica》2008,159(1-2):191-198

Stalk rot, also called as charcoal rot in India, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is an economically important, soil borne disease in major sorghum growing areas across the world. A population of F₉ generation recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from IS22380 (susceptible) × E36-1 (resistant), along with parents were phenotyped in sick plots at two locations (Dharwad and Bijapur, Karnataka, India). A total of 85 polymorphic marker loci (62 nuclear and 4 genic SSRs, 19 RAPDs) was available for the construction of genetic map, spanning 650.3 cM in all the ten linkage groups. Analysis with QTL Cartographer (2.5b), adopting composite interval mapping method (LOD > 2.0) at both locations, revealed 5 QTLs at Dharwad and 4 QTLs at Bijapur locations for the component traits of charcoal rot disease resistance. QTLs for number of internodes crossed, length of infection and per cent lodging accounted for 31.83, 10.76 and 18.90 per cent at Dharwad location and 14.87, 10.47 and 26.44 per cent phenotypic variability at Bijapur location, respectively. The QTLs for number of internodes crossed by the rot, length of infection and percent lodging were common across two locations. These QTLs, consistent over environments for the component traits, are likely to assist in marker-assisted selection (MAS) for charcoal rot resistance in sorghum.  相似文献