Virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance among avian pathogenic Escherichia coli from colibacillosis affected broilers in Pakistan     

Azam  Mariya  Mohsin  Mashkoor  Sajjad-ur-Rahman  Saleemi  Muhammad Kashif 《Tropical animal health and production》2019,51(5):1259-1265

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis that leads to high morbidity and mortality among poultry birds. To date, there is a lack of knowledge about virulence-associated genes (VAGs) and multidrug resistance of APEC isolates from Pakistan. In this study, we determined the VAGs and antibiotic resistance profiles of APEC isolates recovered from colibacillosis affected broilers in Faisalabad region of Pakistan. A total of 84 diseased and dead birds from different local broilers farms were collected and examined for the gross lesions of colibacillosis by conducting postmortem examination. Of these, APEC isolates were recovered from 75 (89.2%) birds. Antibiotic susceptibility tests against 11 antimicrobial agents showed the highest resistance against ampicillin (98.6%) followed by tetracycline (97.3%) and ciprofloxacin (72%). The presence of 11 virulence-associated genes (VAGs) was detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 75 APEC, 32 (42.6%) harbored > 5 VAGs. Most commonly found genes were increased serum survival (iss; 84%), iron transport (iutA; 74.6%), and colicin V (ColV; 60%). Twenty-two isolates (29.3%) were found to possess a combination of VAGs; iss, tsh, iroN, and iutA, in addition to other VAGs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection of virulence-associated genes and multidrug resistance among APEC isolates in Pakistan. In the future, the strains with the predominant set of VAGs can be used for colibacillosis diagnosis and as a potential vaccine candidate.

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INTEGRATED EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC NITROGEN SOURCES ON SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE     

Mohammad Shafi  Azam Shah  Jehan Bakht  Mahmood Shah  Wisal Mohammad 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(4):524-537

The present study was designed to assess the effect of organic materials, i.e., farm yard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and sugar cane filter cake (FC) along with mineral nitrogen on yield and soil organic fertility. Our results indicated that among sole nitrogen (N) sources, highest grain yield was recorded from poultry manure. In the case of integrated N sources, maximum grain yield was obtained from 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N source. Grain ear^?1 and 1000 grain weight was highest with the application of poultry manure among sole N sources. Highest grain ear^?1 and 1000 grain weight was observed from 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N source. Application of poultry manure as sole N sources resulted maximum increase in soil total N and organic matter when compared with other sole N sources. Among N sources applied in different proportion, maximum total soil N was recorded from 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N. We concluded from these experiments that integrated application of N sources in different proportion greatly improves the N economy and enhance crop productivity in low N soils.  相似文献   

A new allopolyploid wheat for stressed lands and poverty alleviation     

Shafqat Farooq  Farooqe Azam 《Field Crops Research》2007,100(2-3):369-373

To generate diversity for salt tolerance in wheat, we crossed Triticum turgidum ssp. durum with salt tolerant accessions of Aegilops geniculata. During the process, we discovered new allopolyploid wheat (informally called here “Durugen”) that originated through natural process. The present study aimed at documenting the significance of “Durugen” for salinity and poverty alleviation. Wide hybridization approach using emasculation and pollination procedure was used for hybrid production. Allopolyploidy was established through mitotic chromosomes counting. Evaluation of the third generation plants was made under field conditions using 50% of the normal irrigation water and salinity of 1/3: the sea water level. First generation plants showed morphological variation. Second generation was morphologically uniform. Evaluation of third generation plants showed reduction of 10 and 12% in biomass and 5 and 8% in grain yield under salinity and water deficiency, respectively, which were lower than the reduction observed earlier in other wheat genotypes growing under similar conditions. These data suggested that “Durugen” is more tolerant compared to other salt tolerant durum and bread wheat genotypes and that it can help alleviating poverty as it can produce more biomass and income for the inhabitants of stressed lands, who are moving to other places in search of livelihood.  相似文献   

Disentangling the relative effect of light pollution,impervious surfaces and intensive agriculture on bat activity with a national-scale monitoring program     

Clémentine Azam  Isabelle Le Viol  Jean-François Julien  Yves Bas  Christian Kerbiriou 《Landscape Ecology》2016,31(10):2471-2483

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Availability of soil and fertilizer nitrogen to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following rice-straw amendment     

Azam  F.  Ashraf  M.  Lodhi  Asma  Sajjad  M. I. 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1990,10(2):134-138

Summary A pot experiment was conducted to study the N availability to wheat and the loss of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer N as affected by the rate of rice-straw applied. The availability of soil N was also studied. The straw was incorporated in the soil 2 or 4 weeks before a sowing of wheat and allowed to decompose at a moisture content of 60% or 200% of the water-holding capacity. The wheat plants were harvested at maturity and the roots, straw, and grains were analysed for total N and ¹⁵N. The soil was analysed for total N and ¹⁵N after the harvest to determine the recovery of fertilizer N in the soil-plant system and assess its loss. The dry matter and N yields of wheat were significantly retarded in the soil amended with rice straw. The availability of soil N to wheat was significantly reduced due to the straw application, particularly at high moisture levels during pre-incubation, and was assumed to cause a reduction in the dry matter and N yields of wheat. A significant correlation (r=0.89) was observed between the uptake of soil N and the dry matter yield of wheat with different treatments. In unamended soil 31.44% of the fertilizer N was taken up by the wheat plants while 41.08% of fertilizer N was lost. The plant recovery of fertilizer N from the amended soil averaged 30.78% and the losses averaged 45.55%  相似文献   

Combination effects of dietary EPA and DHA plus alpha‐tocopherol: effects on performance and physiological status of Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) fry          下载免费PDF全文

E. Sotoudeh  A. Abedian Kenari  S. Khodabandeh  K. Khajeh 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2016,22(5):1101-1115

The effects of dietary n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] with α‐tocopherol on growth, non‐specific immune response and oxidative status were investigated in Caspian brown trout, Salmo trutta caspius, fry. Six experimental diets containing three different dietary levels of n‐3 HUFAs (low: 1 + 0.5% of total fatty acids, DHA+ EPA, medium: 2 + 1%, DHA + EPA, high: 4 + 2%, DHA + EPA) with two different levels of α‐tocopherol (low: 300 and high: 1000 mg kg^?1 diet) were prepared and named: LL, LH, ML, MH, HL and HH (HUFA/α‐tocopherol) groups, respectively. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of 60 fry with an initial weight of 600 ± 25 mg for 10 weeks. Results showed that increase in dietary DHA and EPA up to high level improved fry growth in terms of the body weight and specific growth rate, particularly when dietary α‐tocopherol levels were high, suggesting a higher antioxidant protection value when these fatty acids are high. At all dietary n‐3 HUFA levels, increase in α‐tocopherol from low to high level enhanced the alternative complement (ACH50) activity. Fry fed diets medium and high n‐3 HUFA displaying significantly higher lysozyme activity (P < 0.05). Moreover, fish fed medium or high levels of n‐3 HUFA had significantly lower prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) than those fed low n‐3 HUFA (P < 0.05). Significant differences in antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S‐transferase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) activity were also observed between groups, with higher activity in high levels of n‐3 HUFA (P < 0.05). Results of this study suggest that the effect of dietary n‐3 HUFA on examined non‐specific immunity parameters are not uniform; however, these impacts are closely related to the α‐tocopherol supplement and their interaction. In conclusion, increased dietary levels of n‐3 HUFA and α‐tocopherol would enhance growth performance and welfare of this species.  相似文献   

Electrodeposition of homogeneous and adherent polypyrrole/Na<Superscript>+</Superscript>-cloisite nanocomposite on iron electrodes     

Ali Olad  Maryam Amini  Azam Rashidzadeh 《Fibers and Polymers》2012,13(4):475-480

In this work homogeneous and adherent nanocomposite of polypyrrole (PPY) with Na⁺-Cloisite nanoclays was successfully prepared by insitu electropolymerization of pyrrole monomer in the presence of Na⁺-Cloisite nanoclays. Formation of nanocomposite and incorporation of nanoclays in polypyrrole matrix was endorsed and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X-ray difraction patterns showed that PPY was intercalated between clay layers in the order of nanoscale. The morphology of the resulted nanocomposite was studied by scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry experiments were carried out in different electrolytes and showed that nanocomposite is electroactive, while conductivity of the nanocomposite derived from four point probe technique indicated that the resulted nanocomposite is conductive. The anticorrosive properties of a thin layer coating of PPY/Na⁺-Cloisite nanocomposite on iron coupons was evaluated and compared with pure polypyrrole coating. According to the results in various corrosive environments PPY/Na⁺-Cloisite nanocomposite has enhanced corrosion protection effect in comparison to pure polypyrrole coating. It was observed that the corrosion protection effect was due to the dispersion of nanoclays in polymer matrix, which results in the increase in the corrosion potential and decrease in corrosion current and corrosion rate.  相似文献   

Ultrastructural studies of the inhibition effect against Phytophthora capsici of root exudates collected from two garlic cultivars along with their qualitative analysis     

Muhammad Azam KhanCheng Zhihui  Xiao XuemeiAbdul Rehman Khan  Shahjahan Shabbir Ahmed 《Crop Protection》2011,30(9):1149-1155

The overreliance on and overuse of fungicides is not only a health hazard but also induces natural resistance in plant pathogens, resulting in an economic burden on agricultural producers and a potential threat to natural systems across the globe. It is therefore necessary to identify natural substitutes of fungicides. This study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the root exudates of two different garlic cultivars, cv. Gailiang (G064) and Cangshan (G025), against Phytophthora capsici, a pepper fungus. All treatments (T1 to T4, i.e., 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% root exudate concentrations) of garlic cultivar G025 showed lower inhibition effects than cultivar G064. An intervarietal inhibition effect comparison at 100% concentration (T4) exhibited a 69.24% decline in hyphal growth for G064 compared with 49.06% for G025. The mycelial growth measured in the control was found to be significantly greater compared with the garlic treatments. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that G064 possessed a large amount of allicin compared with G025. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that, compared with the controls and hyphae treated with G025, the fungal hyphae treated with G064 exudates were misshaped, fragmented and had a smaller diameter, as well as empty cytoplasmic contents in the cell wall. Thus, the root exudates of the G064 cultivar had a significant fungicidal effect on P. capsici.  相似文献   

Pancreatic islet beta cell protective effect of oral vanadyl sulphate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an ultrastructure study     

Ahmadi S  Karimian SM  Sotoudeh M  Bahadori M  Dehghani GA 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2010,13(23):1135-1140

We sought to determine the ultrastructure of pancreatic islet beta cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with oral vanadyl sulphate. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by intravenous injection of 40 mg kg(-1) streptozotocin. The same volume of normal saline was injected in sham animals. Animals were divided into treated and control groups. Vanadyl sulphate was added to the drinking water of the treated animals at a concentration of 1 mg mL(-1) up to three months. Two months after vanadyl sulphate withdrawal animals were killed. Ultrastructure of islet beta cells were studied by transmission electron microscope. In diabetic treated rats plasma glucose and fluid intake returned to normal levels within three months while control animals remained diabetic. Well granulated cytoplasm, well developed endoplasmic reticulum, increase in the number of immature granules in the cytoplasm with no clear signs of cell injury were found in the islet beta cells of diabetic treated rats. Lymphocyte filteration, nuclear picnosis, cytoplasmic vacuolization were found frequently in the islet beta cells of untreated diabetic rats. In conclusion as was evident in thin sections of panceatic islet beta cells of treated diabetic rats in this study, vanadyl sulphate through preserving islet beta cells structure and ultrastructure contributes in reversing diabetic signs and symptoms in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.  相似文献   

Comparative Study of DOP and CND Methods for Leaf Nutritional ‎Diagnosis of Vitis Vinifera in Iran     

Mehrzad Mostashari  Azam Khosravinejad  Majid Golmohammadi 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(5):576-584

In this study, the norms for Vitis Vinifera have been derived and compared using the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) and Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) diagnose methods to determine the nutrient deficiency in Vineyards at Central Alborz region, Iran. A total of 200 leaf samples were collected during two years from Vitis Vinifera trees and nutrient concentrations of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, P, N, B, and Cu were measured. The results showed that there are differences between DOP and CND diagnosis methods. According to mean DOP indices for nutrient elements, the priority of the deficiency of elements was as follows: Mn > P > Ca > Fe > Cu. In addition, the CND standard norms were determined as F^c_i(V_N) = 32.34, F^c_i(V_P) = 34.49, F^c_i(V_K) = 48.58, F^c_i(V_Ca) = 54.39, F^c_i(V_Mg) = 64.11, F^c_i(V_Mn) = 19.71, F^c_i(V_Zn) = 47.64, F^c_i(V_Fe) = 53.32, F^c_i(V_Cu) = 32.44, F^c_i(V_B) = 41.59, and F^c_i(R_d) = 39.19 ton.ha^?1. The results also showed that there is the deficiency of manganese, nitrogen, iron, and phosphorus in vineyards. Therefore, the field observations due to the implications of apparent deficiencies of nutrient elements in the gardens of the region are more consistent with the DOP method.  相似文献