Slaughter of poultry during the epidemic of avian influenza in the Netherlands in 2003     

Gerritzen MA  Lambooij E  Stegeman JA  Spruijt BM 《The Veterinary record》2006,159(2):39-42

During an outbreak of avian influenza in the Netherlands in spring 2003, the disease was controlled by destroying all the poultry on the infected farms and on all the farms within a radius of 3 km. In total, 30 million birds were killed on 1242 farms and in more than 8000 hobby flocks, by using mobile containers filled with carbon dioxide, mobile electrocution lines and by gassing whole poultry houses with carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Observations of these methods were used to compare their effectiveness and capacity, and their effects on the welfare of the birds. Gassing whole poultry houses had a much greater capacity than mobile equipment, and catching live birds to bring them to a mobile killing device caused extra stress and could cause pain due to injuries inflicted when catching and handling them. Gassing whole poultry houses with carbon monoxide requires strict safety regulations and, therefore, gassing with carbon dioxide was considered preferable. However, this method is not suited to all types of housing, and in these circumstances mobile killing devices were a useful alternative.  相似文献   

The food contaminant fumonisin B1 reduces the maturation of porcine CD11R1+ intestinal antigen presenting cells and antigen-specific immune responses, leading to a prolonged intestinal ETEC infection     

Bert Devriendt  M��lanie Gallois  Frank Verdonck  Yann Wache  Diane Bimczok  Isabelle P. Oswald  Bruno M. Goddeeris    Eric Cox 《Veterinary research》2009,40(4)

Consumption of food or feed contaminated with fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, can lead to disease in humans and animals. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of FB₁ intake on the intestinal immune system. Piglets were used as a target and as a model species for humans since their gastro-intestinal tract is very similar. The animals were orally exposed to a low dose of FB₁ (1 mg/kg body weight FB₁) for 10 days which did not result in clinical signs. However, when compared to non-exposed animals, FB₁-exposed animals showed a longer shedding of F4⁺ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) following infection and a lower induction of the antigen-specific immune response following oral immunization. Further analyses to elucidate the mechanisms behind these observations revealed a reduced intestinal expression of IL-12p40, an impaired function of intestinal antigen presenting cells (APC), with decreased upregulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II molecule (MHC-II) and reduced T cell stimulatory capacity upon stimulation. Taken together, these results indicate an FB₁-mediated reduction of in vivo APC maturation.  相似文献   

Effect of food matrix and pH on the volatilization of bases (TVB) in packed north Atlantic gray shrimp (Crangon crangon): volatile bases in MAP fishery products     

Noseda B  Dewulf J  Goethals J  Ragaert P  Van Bree I  Pauwels D  Van Langenhove H  Devlieghere F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2010,58(22):11864-11869

The total volatile basic nitrogen fraction (TVB-N) is often used as a quality parameter in the fish industry to assess spoilage. This parameter often leads to discussions between producers and retailers when it comes to defining clear limits of acceptability for modified atmosphere (MA) packed fish and fishery products. Suggested product limits (mg N/100 g fish) do not always correlate with the presence of off-odors. Gray shrimp are an economic valuable, very perishable niche product, where the TVB-N fraction plays an important role considering its shelf life. This research focuses on the effect of a shrimp matrix and its pH on the volatilization of these formed bases, revealing the relationship between concentrations in the fishery product and the concentrations of these bases present in the headspace of the packed product. Especially, the pH of the product, which is lowered when fishery products are packed under a carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere, appeared to have an immense effect on the volatilization of these bases. The effect of the fish matrix itself is established by means of calculated equilibration constants (dimensionless) being 2.13×10(-4)±0.38×10(-4) for trimethylamine, 6.34×10(-5)±1.71×10(-5) for dimethylamine, and 2.58×10(-5)±0.49×10(-5) for ammonia. Comparison of these constants with the equilibration constants of an aqueous solution indicated the retention of these bases in the product. This article provides not only the important insights for the interpretation of TVB-N values in modified atmosphere packaged gray shrimp but also the methodology to extend these findings to other fish and fishery products.  相似文献   

Effect of the spray application technique on the deposition of entomopathogenic nematodes in vegetables     

Brusselman E  Beck B  Pollet S  Temmerman F  Spanoghe P  Moens M  Nuyttens D 《Pest management science》2012,68(3):444-453

BACKGROUND: The present study compared entomopathogenic nematode delivery at the base of savoy cabbage and cauliflower, at the lower side of savoy cabbage and cauliflower leaves and in leek stems and the ground deposition using a five‐nozzle spray boom equipped with an ISO 08 flat fan, an air induction flat fan and Twinjet spray nozzles. Additionally, an air support system and a row application system were evaluated. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of the applied nematodes did not reach the foot of the cabbage plants. The use of an air support system or a row application system improved nematode deposition at the savoy cabbage base. Relative nematode deposition on the lower side of savoy cabbage leaves was 27.20%, while only 2.64% of the applied nematodes reached the lower side of cauliflower leaves. After spraying leek with a standard boom, a low relative nematode deposition (26.64%) was measured in the leek stem. Nozzle type affected the distribution of nematodes in droplet spots. CONCLUSION: Nozzle type has a minor effect on the number of entomopathogenic nematodes delivered on difficult‐to‐reach targets. The use of modified spray application techniques directing the spray to the target site are necessary to increase the chances of contact of entomopathogenic nematodes with their target. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Occurrence of Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV) and Beet Pseudo-yellows Virus in Cucurbit Crops in Spain and Transmission of CYSDV by Two Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Benjamín Berdiales  Juan J. Bernal  Elisa Sáez  Bert Woudt  Francisco Beitia  Emilio Rodríguez-Cerezo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1999,105(2):211-215

The relative occurrence in Spain of two whitefly transmitted closteroviruses causing similar yellowing diseases in melon and cucumber greenhouse crops was studied. Based on a RT-PCR assay, a 1994–1997 survey of Spanish greenhouses showed that the recently described Bemisia tabaci-transmitted cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) has displaced the Trialeurodes vaporariorum-transmitted beet pseudo-yellows virus (BPYV), a virus that was present in the area since the late 1970s. The CYSDV transmission rates by each of the two biotypes of B. tabaci present in Spain were compared. The results showed that the ubiquitous B biotype and the resident Q biotype (found in Spain and Portugal) were able to transmit CYSDV with similar efficiency.  相似文献   

Interview with prof Dr. Bert Urlings     

Urlings B 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2005,130(9):281-283

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Use of the carbon dioxide laser for perianal and rectal surgery.     

Bert A Shelley 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2002,32(3):621-37, vii

The skin of the perianal region is very thin and sensitive. The carbon dioxide laser is a very effective tool for removing tumors and treating conditions of this area. It offers a "no touch" method of treatment for conditions of the perianal region. There is less bleeding, less pain, less swelling with the use of the carbon dioxide laser. The carbon dioxide laser is an effective tool for excising perianal tumors, rectal tumors, performing anal sacculectomies and treating perianal fistulas.  相似文献   

Primary Erythrocytosis in a 2-Year-Old Arabian Gelding     

Dianne McFarlane  Debra C. Sellon  Bert Parker 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1998,12(5):384-388

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Distribution of methyl bromide in soils treated for nematode control in replant vineyards     

Nabil Abdalla  Dewey J. Raski  Bert Lear  Richard V. Schmitt 《Pest management science》1974,5(3):259-269

Methyl bromide was applied with and without polyethylene covers at rates of 337, 449, 673 and 898 kg/ha to replant vineyard soils to control plant parasitic nematodes. Distribution of the gas in the soil atmosphere at different depths was measured by gas chromatography. Higher doses, low soil moisture and deeper placement of methyl bromide resulted in more rapid soil penetration and higher concentrations of the gas at the deeper soil levels. Placement of methyl bromide in the soil at 0.76-0.81 m without polyethylene cover resulted in gas distribution at concentrations sufficient for nematode kill as deep as 2.44 m.  相似文献   

The immune response against Chlamydia suis genital tract infection partially protects against re-infection     

Evelien De Clercq  Bert Devriendt  Lizi Yin  Koen Chiers  Eric Cox  Daisy Vanrompay 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1)

The aim of the present study was to reveal the characteristic features of genital Chlamydia suis infection and re-infection in female pigs by studying the immune response, pathological changes, replication of chlamydial bacteria in the genital tract and excretion of viable bacteria. Pigs were intravaginally infected and re-infected with C. suis strain S45, the type strain of this species. We demonstrated that S45 is pathogenic for the female urogenital tract. Chlamydia replication occurred throughout the urogenital tract, causing inflammation and pathology. Furthermore, genital infection elicited both cellular and humoral immune responses. Compared to the primo-infection of pigs with C. suis, re-infection was characterized by less severe macroscopic lesions and less chlamydial elementary bodies and inclusions in the urogenital tract. This indicates the development of a certain level of protection following the initial infection. Protective immunity against re-infection coincided with higher Chlamydia-specific IgG and IgA antibody titers in sera and vaginal secretions, higher proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), higher percentages of blood B lymphocytes, monocytes and CD8⁺ T cells and upregulated production of IFN-γ and IL-10 by PBMC.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-014-0095-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献