The fish connection: a trophic link between planktonic and rocky reef communities?     

Bray RN  Miller AC  Geesey GG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1981,214(4517):204-205

The blacksmith (Chromis punctipinnis), an abundant pomacentrid fish off southern California, regularly forages on zooplankton during the day and shelters in rocky reefs at night. This behavioral pattern results in the importation of 8 grams of carbon per square meter per year, deposited as feces in the nocturnal shelter. Since blacksmiths regularly return to the same shelters, this represents a transport of extrinsic organic carbon to the reef which is predictable in time and space.  相似文献   

The effects of temperature on broilers: Interactions between temperature and feeding regime     

D. R. Charles  C. M. Groom  T. S. Bray 《British poultry science》1981,22(6):475-481

1. Three experiments were carried out with Ross 1 broilers each using four temperatures during the finisher phase. In each experiment there were 64 plots of 100 birds per plot. Temperatures used ranged from 15 to 27 °C. Finisher diets of four nutrient concentrations were fed, (13.3, 12.9, 12.4 and 11.7 MJ ME/kg at 199, 197, 195 and 188 g protein/kg respectively).

2. Cumulative food consumption and body weight at 42, 49 and 56 d decreased with increasing temperature.

3. There were no interactions between temperature and dietary nutrient concentration.  相似文献   

Treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis with a new non-invasive technique. Failure with enilconazole   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. P. Bray    R. A. S. White  B. D. X. Lascelles 《The Journal of small animal practice》1998,39(5):223-226

A new, non-Invasive technique recently described for the treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis was performed on four dogs. The antimycotic agent used was a 10 per cent enilconazole suspension, with the drug left in situ for a period of one hour. None of the dogs responded to single treatment. One dog died from an acute septic response secondary to pyelonephritis and bacterial endocarditis eight days after a second treatment. A second dog responded completely to a second treatment and remained free of fungal disease for a follow-up period of H months. In the remaining two dogs, extensive and profuse fungal growth was seen on rhinoscopic reexamination. Conventional treatment, with tube Implantation into the frontal sinuses and nasal irrigation for two weeks, was performed. Successful resolution of infection was obtained. Although the new, non-invasive technique was simple to carry out and well tolerated by the dogs, instillation of 10 per cent enilconazole appears to have poor therapeutic efficacy and exacerbated fungal growth in two of the animals.  相似文献   

Endoparasite infection and Cryptosporidium/Giardia in feral horses on public lands     

R.E. Bray PhD  S.J. Wickler PhD  DVM  E.A. Cogger PhD  E.R. Atwill DVM  C. London DVM  J.L. Gallino  T.P. Anderson MS 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1998,18(1):41-43

Two populations of feral horses and one population of domestic horses located in portions of eastern California and western Nevada (Inyo National Forest) were examined for the occurrence of endoparasite infection and the protozoans, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis. The two groups of feral horses consisted of 24 sedentary horses and 29 nomadic horses; there were a total of 11 domestic horses. The sedentary and nomadic horses were tracked and observed for one to three days, respectively. Fresh fecal samples were collected from the respective groups and examined for parasite eggs using the Cornell-Wisconsin Centrifugal Flotation Technique. A total of 58 fecal samples were collected from the three groups (sedentary, n=16; nomadic, n=31; domestic, n=11). Data (eggs·g⁻¹) were initially analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric statistical method. Mean separation was accomplished by using the Mann-Whitney U-test following an observed significant effect of group (p<0.0001) with the Kruskal-Wallis test. The median numbers of eggs·g⁻¹ for the sedentary, nomadic and domestic groups were 803.0, 69.0 and 321.0, respectively. The interquartile range along with the 25th and 75th percentile for the respective groups were 776.0 (332.0–1108.0), 136.5 (32.0–168.5) and 486.0 (198.0–684.0). The eggs·g⁻¹ for the nomadic group were less than the sedentary horses (p<0.0001) and less than the domestic horses (p<0.02); however, there were no observed differences between the sedentary and domestic groups (p=0.13). The lower number of eggs·g⁻¹ observed for the nomadic group is most likely due to the reduced time spent on the collection site relative to their movement pattern. Separate aliquots of the fecal samples were also analyzed for Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis. All fecal samples were negative for these two organisms.  相似文献   

THE RELATIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FLORA TO THAT OF SOUTH AMERICA     

Bray WL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1900,12(306):709-716

Reviewing the floral relations of North and South America as illustrated in the foregoing instances, we may say that the phenomena of distribution agree fairly with the record of physical conditions which have succeeded each other and those which still exist, and upon which we might almost a priori have predicted an analogous set of distribution phenomena. In this relationship we may distinguish three categories of distribution: (1) Those due to the conditions of human civilization, commerce, etc. This has resulted in placing the same species in similar regions of both continents, as, for example, Fagonia cretica in Lower California and Chile; Munroa squarrosa, western plains of North America, plains of Argentine and high plateaus of Chile and Bolivia; Frankenia grandiflora, Southern California and Arizona, coast lands of Chile; Oxytheca dendroidea, Lastarricea chilensis, and Chorizanthe comrnmissuralis, all in Southern California and Western Chile. (2) Those due to the operation of natural causes acting unde present conditions of climate, geology, etc. Under this head may be cited such species as sida leprosa, hastata, anomala, Cienfugosia sulphurea, Spergulariaplattensis and, in general, elements of Gulf zone distribution; also certain elements which still find a pathway along the continental axis, including some alpine and mountain xerophilous genera. (3) The third category of distribution would include those phenomena due to geological and climatic changes acting through long periods. Under this head are included the elements of greatest significance in the relationsip of the North and South America floras. The endemic boreal flora of the Andes, the equally endemic boreal flora of the Mexican Cordilleras, and genera with sharply distinct species or sub-genera in the arid extra-tropical regions of both continents, which may be called remnant elements.  相似文献   

Management of wounds: principles and procedures Small Animal Wound Management (2nd edition) Steven F. Swaim and Ralph A. Henderson, Jr Published by Williams & Wilkins, London, 1997. Hardback 444 pages. Price £50     

Jonathan Bray 《The Journal of small animal practice》1998,39(6):304-304

  相似文献   

Molecular networks: the top-down view     

Bray D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5641):1864-1865

Network theory can give a useful overview of how a biological system works. But to make testable predictions, we need the details.  相似文献   

Genomics. Molecular prodigality     

Bray D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,299(5610):1189-1190

  相似文献   

CONIDIAL SUSPENSIONS OF VENTURIA INAEQUALIS FOR INOCULATION OF APPLE ROOTSTOCKS     

Myrtle F.  Bray W. G. L. Austin 《Plant pathology》1962,11(3):106-107

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Bicipital tendinitis and tenosynovitis in the dog: a study of 15 cases     

Bruce WJ  Burbidge HM  Bray JP  Broome CJ 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2000,48(2):44-52

AIM: To describe the clinical, radiographic, and sonographic features of 15 dogs with bicipital tendinitis and tenosynovitis, classify them according to cause, and evaluate the long-term efficacy of treatment. METHODS: Dogs exhibiting forelimb lameness with pain localised to the biceps tendon were included in the study. Sonographic examination of the tendon and tendon sheath, and radiographic examination including positive contrast arthrograms of the shoulder joint were performed, and assessed for features consistent with biceps tendon disease. In some cases, synovial-fluid analysis and surgical investigation were also undertaken. The causes of the conditions were classified as either traumatic, mechanical, neoplastic or inflammatory. Dogs were treated conservatively with rest and anti-inflammatory drugs, or surgically by either transection of the transverse humeral ligament or tenodesis of the biceps tendon. Assessment of the effects of treatment was made by re-examination at six weeks and from information gained by telephone interview with the dog's owner at longer-term follow-up. RESULTS: Bicipital tendinitis and tenosynovitis were common causes of forelimb lameness in active, middle-aged or older, medium to large-breed dogs. The most sensitive physical tests for localising pain to the biceps apparatus were shoulder flexion with the elbow extended, focal digital pressure applied directly to the biceps origin, and the biceps retraction test. Sonographic assessment was found to be more sensitive than shoulder radiography or arthrography for characterising the lesion. Conservative treatment of 11 traumatic cases resulted in good or excellent function at long-term follow-up. One mechanical bicipital tendinitis secondary to mineral deposits within the supraspinatus tendon improved following transection of the transverse humeral ligament and removal of the deposits. One of two cases of inflammatory tendinitis/ tenosynovitis improved following tenodesis. One dog with neoplastic disease did not improve and was euthanased. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of bicipital tendinitis and tenosynovitis requires a careful examination using a combination of physical tests. Of the ancillary tests, sonography was the most reliable, however information gained from all tests was useful in fully evaluating the biceps apparatus and shoulder joint. The classification system employed in this study was helpful in selecting a treatment protocol and determining the likely prognosis.  相似文献