Letter to the Editor     

Warrick Bruce  Geoff Robins 《The Journal of small animal practice》2016,57(6):333-333

  相似文献   

Intermuscular variation in tenderness: association with the ubiquitous and muscle-specific calpains   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19  

Ilian MA  Morton JD  Kent MP  Le Couteur CE  Hickford J  Cowley R  Bickerstaffe R 《Journal of animal science》2001,79(1):122-132

The biochemistry of intermuscular variation in tenderness is not fully understood. To investigate the role of the calpains in this process we performed two experiments using bovine and ovine species. In the bovine experiment, two distinct muscles, longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LT) and psoas major (PM), were used. In the ovine experiment, four muscles, LT, PM, semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST), were used. Muscles were sampled at death for the determination of the steady-state mRNA level of calpains and calpastatin and the activities of calpain 1, 2, and calpastatin. Muscles were also sampled to determine the temporal changes in pH, tenderness, and the activity of the ubiquitous calpain system during postmortem aging. The results of the relative rate of tenderization in both species was found to be related to muscle type; LT had the highest value in both species. Within species, the mRNA steady-state levels of calpain 1 and calpastatin were similar in various bovine and ovine muscles. Bovine calpain 2 mRNA level was significantly lower in the LT than in the PM. Ovine calpain 2 mRNA level was lower, but not significantly different, in the LT compared to the other muscles. The mRNA level of bovine calpain 3 was significantly higher in the LT muscle than in the PM. In the ovine, the mRNA level of calpain 3 was highest in the LT, followed by SM, PM, and ST. Results on the activity of the ubiquitous calpain system in various muscles at death were dependent on muscle type and species. Temporal changes in the activity of calpains and calpastatin during the first 24 h of postmortem aging were similar in the muscles studied: calpain 1 and calpastatin declined significantly and calpain 2 remained relatively unchanged. The temporal changes in muscle pH in both experiments indicated that the extent and rate of pH decline during aging was related to muscle type. Correlation analysis between the relative rate of tenderization and mRNA expression of calpains revealed a strong relationship with calpain 3 in both species.  相似文献   

Development of an ex vivo model to study adherence of Mannheimia haemolytica serovar 1 to mucosal tissues of the respiratory tract of cattle     

Clarke JM  Morton RJ  Clarke CR  Fulton RW  Saliki JT 《American journal of veterinary research》2001,62(5):805-811

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate an ex vivo model for study of adherence of Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica) to respiratory tract mucosa of cattle and to use this model to confirm adherence of M haemolytica serovar 1 (Mh1) to several relevant respiratory mucosal surfaces. SAMPLE POPULATION: Excised nasal, nasopharyngeal, turbinate, and tonsillar mucosal tissue from the bovine upper respiratory tract. PROCEDURE: Mh1 was radiolabeled by use of tritiated leucine. Various concentrations of labeled bacteria were incubated with bovine upper respiratory tract tissues for various times. Tissue was washed to remove nonadherent bacteria, and percentage of bacteria adhered (percentage of adherence) was estimated using radioactivity. Using an optimal inoculum concentration and incubation time, percentage of Mh1 adherence was compared on nasal, nasopharyngeal, turbinate, and tonsillar mucosal tissue, and adherence to nasopharyngeal tissue was confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: The optimal Mh1 inoculum concentration was 1 X 10(7) colony forming units/ml and incubation time was 3 hours. Percentage of adherence of Mh1 to nasopharyngeal tissue was greater than adherence to other tissue types. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ex vivo model maintained the functional and structural integrity of bovine upper respiratory tract mucosa, as confirmed by light and electron microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed participation of epithelial cell cilia and surface mucus in adherence of Mh1 to nasopharyngeal tissue. Adherence of Mh1 was confirmed in repeated assays, indicating that this organism adheres to upper respiratory tract mucosa of cattle.  相似文献   

Veterinary ethics: filling a gap in undergraduate education     

Thornton PD  Morton DB  Main DC  Kirkwood JK  Wright B 《The Veterinary record》2001,148(7):214-216

  相似文献   

The physical state and plasma biochemical profile of young calves on arrival at a slaughter plant     

Stafford KJ  Mellor DJ  Todd SE  Gregory NG  Bruce RA  Ward RN 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2001,49(4):142-149

AIM: To determine the welfare of calves arriving at a slaughter plant by assessing their physical state and plasma biochemical profile. METHODS: Calves (n=7,169) aged 4-10 days, were examined immediately after they were unloaded from trucks (n=20) and categorised on physical grounds as being in an 'unacceptable', 'marginal' or 'acceptable' state. 'Unacceptable' calves were lying down, unable to walk, extremely weak or seriously injured. 'Marginal' calves had a wet umbilicus, were hollow sided, apparently immature, or weak and slow and unsteady on their feet. 'Acceptable' calves were strong, walked freely, round-sided, bright and alert and had a dry umbilicus. After unloading, 27 'unacceptable', 306 'marginal' and 289 'acceptable' calves were weighed, examined clinically and a blood sample was taken from each. A second blood sample was taken from 118 of these calves, 12-15 hours later. The packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), total plasma proteins (TPP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), urea, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate were measured. RESULTS: Only 27 of the 7,169 calves examined (0.4%) were categorised as being in an 'unacceptable' state on arrival and these were euthanased shortly after unloading. Generally, the plasma biochemical profiles of the 'acceptable' calves were similar to those of 'marginal' animals. However the glucose concentration of 'marginal' calves was lower than that of 'acceptable' calves, suggesting that they had lower energy reserves. After 12-15 h in lairage, plasma glucose concentration decreased and the BHB concentration increased in both 'acceptable' and 'marginal' calves compared with concentrations measured on arrival. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of calves presented for slaughter in an 'unacceptable' state was small (0.4%). However, 4% of calves were classified as 'marginal' and failed to meet all the requirements of the code of recommendations and minimum standards governing the welfare of young calves in New Zealand. The categorisation of calves by a physical assessment was supported by results of plasma biochemistry. As a result, plasma biochemical profiles are considered unnecessary for making decisions regarding the welfare status of calves arriving at a slaughter plant; an assessment of their physical state is sufficient.  相似文献   

Diagnosis and treatment of septic arthritis.     

Alison J Morton 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》2005,21(3):627-49, vi

Septic arthritis (SA) is a common orthopedic condition encountered in horses that are presented to equine veterinarians. Successful out-come is dependent on prompt and thorough evaluation and treatment. This article briefly reviews the pathophysiology, outlines diagnostics, describes treatment options and prognostics, and discusses current research in diagnosis and treatment of SA.  相似文献   

Association between insecticide use and greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum westwood) resistance to insecticides in hawaii     

Amir D. Omer  Marshall W. Johnson  Bruce E. Tabashnik  Diane E. Ullman 《Pest management science》1993,37(3):253-259

Susceptibility to acephate, methomyl, and permethrin was determined with laboratory bioassays for adults of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, from 12 to 14 sites in Hawaii. Comparisons at LC₅₀ showed up to 42-fold resistance to acephate, 36-fold resistance to methomyl, and 8-fold resistance to permethrin. Higher levels of resistance to acephate and methomyl than to permethrin are consistent with greater use of organophosphates and carbamates than pyrethroids by growers. Insecticide use varied from 1 to 98 insecticide sprays per site per season. Significant positive associations between LC₅₀ for each insecticide and frequency of application of the same insecticide were found across sites. This finding suggests that local variation in insecticide use was an important cause of variation in susceptibility.  相似文献   

Acute cortisol responses of lambs to ring castration and docking after the injection of lignocaine into the scrotal neck or testes at the time of ring application     

Sutherland MA  Mellor DJ  Stafford KJ  Gregory NG  Bruce RA  Ward RN  Todd SE 《Australian veterinary journal》1999,77(11):738-741

OBJECTIVE: To test whether injecting lignocaine into the scrotal neck 5 to 10 s before or into both testes immediately after ring castration and docking wound significantly reduce the plasma cortisol response to castration and docking. DESIGN: A physiological study with controls. PROCEDURE: Lambs were given one of six treatments: control handling, injection of lignocaine into scrotal neck, injection of lignocaine into both testes, ring castration and docking, ring castration and docking after lignocaine was injected into the scrotal neck, and ring castration and docking before lignocaine was injected into both testes. Blood samples were taken before and regularly after treatment and analysed for plasma cortisol concentrations. RESULTS: The plasma cortisol concentrations of lambs castrated and docked after lignocaine had been injected into the scrotal neck were significantly lower between 20 and 60 min after treatment than in lambs castrated and docked without local anaesthesia. Injecting lignocaine into the testes after ring application did not significantly reduce the cortisol response to ring castration and docking. CONCLUSIONS: Lignocaine injected into the scrotal neck 5 to 10 s before ring castration will reduce the cortisol response and by inference the pain associated with ring castration.  相似文献   

A further study of the epidemiology of ovine fascioliasis in Scotland and its control using molluscicide     

R G Bruce  J Armour  J Corba 《The Veterinary record》1973,92(20):518-526

  相似文献   

Isolates of Verticillium dahliae Pathogenic to Crucifers Are of at Least Three Distinct Molecular Types     

Collins A  Okoli CA  Morton A  Parry D  Edwards SG  Barbara DJ 《Phytopathology》2003,93(3):364-376

ABSTRACT Diverse isolates of the soilborne wilt fungi Verticillium dahliae and V. albo-atrum were studied to understand the nature and origins of those infecting cruciferous hosts. All isolates from cruciferous crops produced microsclerotia, and the majority produced long conidia with a high nuclear DNA content; these isolates were divided into two groups by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. One group could be subdivided by other criteria such as rRNA sequences and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Two crucifer isolates were short spored and had a low nuclear DNA content. The results are consistent with the crucifer isolates being interspecific hybrids. The long-spored isolates are best regarded as amphihaploids (or allodiploids) with the AFLP groups probably each representing separate interspecific hybridization events. The short-spored crucifer isolates appear to be derived from interspecific hybrids and are here called 'secondary haploids'. Molecular evidence suggests that one parent in the crosses was similar to V. dahliae. The other parent of the amphihaploids seems to have been more similar to V. albo-atrum than to V. dahliae, but was distinct from all isolates of either species so far studied. The implications for the taxonomy of crucifer isolates are discussed and the use of the name V. longisporum, proposed elsewhere for just some of these isolates, is discouraged.  相似文献