Isolation of bacterial probiotic candidates from the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and screening for inhibitory activity against Flavobacterium psychrophilum     

D R Burbank  S E LaPatra  G Fornshell  K D Cain 《Journal of fish diseases》2012,35(11):809-816

In this study, 318 bacterial strains were isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of 29 rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). These bacteria were screened in vitro for their ability to inhibit growth of Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of coldwater disease. Bacteria observed to inhibit F. psychrophilum growth were further screened against rainbow trout bile, as an indicator of their ability to survive in the GI tract. This screening resulted in narrowing the pool to 24 bacterial isolates. Those 24 isolates were then tested for pathogenicity in rainbow trout by intraperitoneal injection. Following a 28‐day challenge, eight isolates were shown to cause direct mortality and were eliminated from further study. As a result, 16 bacterial isolates were identified as probiotic candidates with the potential to control or reduce disease caused by F. psychrophilum.  相似文献   

Synephrine content of juice from Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marcovitch)     

Dragull K  Breksa AP  Cain B 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(19):8874-8878

Synephrine, the main protoalkaloid in Citrus species, is commonly analyzed as the active component in citrus peel-containing herbal supplements, but the edible parts of mandarins have been largely ignored. The synephrine concentration has been determined in the juices of Citrus unshiu mandarins harvested from 10 different groves located in a major growing region in California. For comparison, the physicochemical properties of the juices, including pH, conductivity, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity, were also measured. The synephrine values among 10 groves ranged from 73.3 to 158.1 mg L (-1). Repeat sampling of fruit from the 10 locations showed that the intragrove variability in synephrine concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 27.7% CV and was grove dependent. Among the physicochemical properties, titratable acidity weakly correlated with synephrine, and for one sample a low maturity index was linked to high synephrine content. The overall mean synephrine concentration of 92.8 mg L (-1) is up to 6-fold higher than values previously determined for orange juices and suggests that mandarin juice could constitute a significant dietary source of synephrine. Furthermore, the results suggest that grove location and maturity affect synephrine content.  相似文献   

Processed soybean meal as an alternative protein source for yellow perch (Perca flavescens) feed     

Vikas Kumar  Han-Ping Wang  Ramanathan S. Lalgudi  Barry Mcgraw  Rob Cain  Kurt A. Rosentrater 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2019,25(4):917-931

The goal of this study was to compare conventional soybean meal (SBM) with modified SBM (MSBM) after chemical and enzyme pretreatment to potentially reduce the antinutritional factors (ANF), as a fishmeal (FM) replacer at 50% or 100% in the diets of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Half of the SBM and MSBM diets contained an enzyme cocktail (of phytase and carbohydrate‐degrading enzyme), and the other half received no enzyme supplementations. Fingerlings (297; initial weight, 11.01 ± 0.19 g) were randomly distributed over nine treatments, in triplicate, and fed these isonitrogenous diets (crude protein 410 g/kg) that included replacing FM with SBM at 50% or 100% without or with enzyme supplementations (S50, S100, S50+E or S100+E, respectively), MSMB at 50% or 100% without or with enzyme supplementations (MS50, MS100, MS50+E or MS100+E, respectively) or a control FM‐based diet. After 10 weeks, the growth performance, feeding efficiencies, proximate composition, intestinal/pyloric caeca digestive enzymes and liver metabolic/antioxidant enzymes in P. flavescens were measured. The highest (p < 0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization parameters (protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value, PPV) were observed for the MS_50+E group, which was not statistically different to parameters for the control and MS₅₀ groups, and significantly (p < 0.05) higher than all other groups. The lowest and highest growth performance and feed conversion ratios, respectively, were observed in the S100, S100+E and MS100 groups. The highest protease activity (in both intestine and pyloric caeca) was observed for the control group, but was significantly similar to MS₅₀, MS_50+E and S_50+E groups. The lowest value was observed for 100% replacement of FM protein by SBM and MSBM fed groups. However, inclusion of exogenous enzymes in feed showed positive effects in MS_50+E (compared to MS₅₀) for PPV, lipid productive value and amylase activity in the intestine. Activity of protein metabolism enzymes (i.e., alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase) in the liver was the highest in the control group, which was similar (p < 0.05) to the MS_50+E and MS₅₀ groups. Antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver were the lowest in the control group, which was significantly similar (p < 0.05) to the group given the feed with 50% replacement of FM protein. Complete (100%) replacement of FM protein exhibited the highest antioxidant enzyme activity. Conclusively, performance of the MS₅₀ and MS_50+E groups was similar to the FM group and better than SBM group; therefore, MSBM with high protein and low ANFs has considerable potential as an alternative to FM in aquafeed.  相似文献   

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对厚壳贻贝抗氧化防疫系统的影响     

许彩娜  曾姣  袁骐  隋延鸣  迟海  王翠华 《中国水产科学》2020,27(8):934-942

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（dibutyl phthalate,DBP）作为增塑剂,已被中国列入优先控制的污染物名单,其对海洋生物的影响已引起人们的广泛关注。为研究邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物（phthalic acid esters,PAEs）对海洋贝类抗氧化防疫系统的影响,本文以厚壳贻贝（）为受试生物,研究了不同质量浓度DBP（0 mg/L、100 mg/L、200 mg/L、280 mg/L、360 mg/L）胁迫以及清水释放对其鳃和内脏团中抗氧化系统相关指标超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活性以及丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量变化的情况。结果表明：厚壳贻贝鳃和内脏团SOD、CAT活性以及MDA含量呈现不完全相同的变化规律。DBP胁迫阶段,鳃和内脏团中SOD活性基本呈先诱导后抑制再诱导的趋势,CAT活性则先抑制后诱导,MDA含量基本呈不断升高趋势;清水释放阶段,鳃和内脏团中SOD活性基本呈先抑制后诱导的趋势,CAT活性基本处于诱导状态,之后内脏团CAT活性被抑制,MDA含量处于先升高,之后内脏团MDA含量出现降低的趋势,浓度-效应和时间-效应较为明显。研究表明,在DBP胁迫下,厚壳贻贝鳃和内脏团产生了氧化损伤,可诱导机体产生脂质过氧化现象,且15 d清水释放期间不足以让厚壳贻贝恢复到正常水平。本研究旨在为海洋贝类的健康养殖和风险评价提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Revisiting the relationship between common weather variables and loblolly–shortleaf pine seed crops in natural stands     

Cain  Michael D.  Shelton  Michael G. 《New Forests》2000,19(2):187-204

Seed production was monitored during24 years using seed-collection traps inloblolly–shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.–P.echinata Mill.) stands located in southeast Arkansas,north-central Louisiana, and southwest Mississippi onthe southeastern Coastal Plain, USA. Sound seedproduction was correlated with mean monthlyprecipitation and temperature from National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration weather stationslocated near the seed-collection areas to determinethe potential of weather factors in forecasting pineseed crops. Correlations were restricted to threecritical periods in the pine reproductive cycle –strobili primordia differentiation, pollination, andfertilization. The most important (P 0.05)variables correlated with pine seed production for combined locations were cumulative precipitation (r = +0.60) during July, August, and September at 27 to 25 months before seed dispersal and mean temperature (r = –0.45) in August at 26 months before seed dispersal. Because multiple environmental factors can negatively impact pine seed development during the two yearsfollowing strobili primordia differentiation,seed-production forecasts based on weather variablesshould be verified by on-site cone counts during thesummer preceding autumn seed dispersal.  相似文献   

Effect of immunization route on mucosal and systemic immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)     

Victoria A. Valdenegro-Vega  Philip Crosbie  Benita Vincent  Kenneth D. Cain  Barbara F. Nowak 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2013,151(1-2):113-123

This study aimed to assess systemic and mucosal immune responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to two protein-hapten antigens – dinitrophenol (DNP) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) each conjugated with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) – administered using different delivery strategies. Fish were exposed to the antigens through different routes, and were given a booster 4 weeks post initial exposure. Both systemic and mucosal antibody responses were measured for a period of 12 weeks using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Only fish exposed to both antigens via intraperitoneal (IP) injection showed increased systemic antibody response starting 6 weeks post immunization. No treatment was able to produce a mucosal antibody response; however there was an increase in antibody levels in the tissue supernatant from skin explants obtained 12 weeks post immunization from fish injected with FITC. Western blots probed with serum and culture supernatant from skin explants showed a specific response against the antigens. In conclusion, IP injection of hapten-antigen in Atlantic salmon was the best delivery route for inducing an antibody response against these antigens in this species. Even though IP injection did not induce an increase in antibody levels in the skin mucus, there was an increased systemic antibody response and an apparent increase of antibody production in mucosal tissues as demonstrated by the increased level of specific antibody levels in supernatants from the tissue explants.  相似文献   

Nature and composition of fat bloom from palm kernel stearin and hydrogenated palm kernel stearin compound chocolates     

Smith KW  Cain FW  Talbot G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(17):5539-5544

Palm kernel stearin and hydrogenated palm kernel stearin can be used to prepare compound chocolate bars or coatings. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition, polymorphism, and melting behavior of the bloom that develops on bars of compound chocolate prepared using these fats. Bars were stored for 1 year at 15, 20, or 25 degrees C. At 15 and 20 degrees C the bloom was enriched in cocoa butter triacylglycerols, with respect to the main fat phase, whereas at 25 degrees C the enrichment was with palm kernel triacylglycerols. The bloom consisted principally of solid fat and was sharper melting than was the fat in the chocolate. Polymorphic transitions from the initial beta' phase to the beta phase accompanied the formation of bloom at all temperatures.  相似文献   

Presumptive neonatal isoerythrolysis in cats   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G R Cain  Y Suzuki 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1985,187(1):46-48

Entire or partial litters of 4 queens died due to hemolytic anemia within 1 to 2 days of birth. Necropsy and histologic examination of tissues from 6 dead kittens were indicative of neonatal isoerythrolysis. Blood samples from affected kittens were not available for study. Nevertheless, hemolysins and agglutinins in each queen's serum reacted with RBC from 2 sires of the affected litters. These antibodies, identified as anti-A, also reacted with the RBC from 64 random-source cats.  相似文献   

Myelomonocytic leukemia in an orangutan.     

M B Gardner  G Esra  M J Cain  S Rossman  C Johnson 《Veterinary pathology》1978,15(5):667-670

  相似文献   

Effects of mizoribine on canine renal allograft recipients   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C R Gregory  I M Gourley  S C Haskins  G R Cain  G Ishizaki  L D Cowgill  N H Willits  J D Patz 《American journal of veterinary research》1988,49(3):305-311

Heterotopic renal allograft transplantation and bilateral nephrectomies were performed on 12 mixed-breed dogs. Histoincompatibility was confirmed by serologically defined and lymphocyte-defined antigen testing. Mizoribine (5 mg/kg, q 24 h) was administered orally starting the day of surgery. Body weights, blood cell counts, serum biochemical and electrolyte values, immunoglobulin concentration, and serum mizoribine concentrations were determined. Complete urinalyses, including bacteriologic culturing and lymphocyte stimulation assays were performed. The mean survival time for the allograft recipients was 20 +/- 14 days; significantly longer than nontreated historic controls surviving 8.1 +/- 0.6 days (P = 0.0098). Death was attributed to the combined effects of renal allograft rejection and development of a mizoribine-dependent gastroenteritis. Serum mizoribine concentrations were greater in dogs undergoing rapid allograft rejection because of compromised renal excretion of the drug. This resulted in a rapid onset of gastroenteritis. There were no complications resulting from infection, myelosuppression, or hepatotoxicosis.  相似文献