Neuroscience. Ubiquitination inhibits neuronal exit     

Métin C  Luccardini C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6012):1754-1755

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Transport of Total Suspended Solids During Snowmelt – Influence by Road Salt, Temperature and Surface Slope     

Camilla Westerlund  Maria Viklander 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2008,192(1-4):3-10

In the beginning of March 2006, polluted snow from a roadside in Luleå, in the north of Sweden, with a traffic intensity of approximately 7,400 vehicles per day, was collected. The snow was homogenously mixed and divided into samples of 30 litres. The initial volumes and densities of the snow samples were measured and calculated. The snow samples were melted in climate rooms, with four different experimental configurations, to investigate the influence of road salt, temperature, and surface slope upon the transport of total suspended solids (TSS) (three replicates for each experimental configuration). The total volume of snowmelt runoff was collected and analysed for pH, conductivity, and concentrations of TSS and chlorides. The results showed that measured concentrations, calculated mass loads, and performed statistical t-tests of TSS for the snowmelt of the four different configurations implied that the transported mass load of TSS was higher with the addition of road salt and at higher ambient temperatures. However, the results showed a lower mass load of transported TSS for the lower slope.  相似文献   

Reduction in an almond moth Ephestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) population by means of mating disruption     

Ryne C  Ekeberg M  Jonzén N  Oehlschlager C  Löfstedt C  Anderbrant O 《Pest management science》2006,62(10):912-918

Pheromone-based mating disruption of the almond moth (Ephestia cautella) (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was carried out in a chocolate factory in Sweden. Population monitoring was conducted with pheromone-baited traps and water traps. Pheromone traps showed a 94% catch reduction, and monitoring with water traps showed a significant decrease in total catch (5.0 and 1.6 individuals per trap per week before and during treatment respectively). The significance of the results was tested by fitting the observed data to a first-order autoregressive model. This made it possible to test the data with a 95% confidence interval, comparing trap catches before mating disruption treatment with trapping data during the experiment. It is suggested that this statistical approach may be used more frequently in mating disruption experiments where it is extremely difficult to control external factors and therefore equally difficult to use a comparable control plot to evaluate the treatment.  相似文献   

Manipulation of the gut microbiota in C57BL/6 mice changes glucose tolerance without affecting weight development and gut mucosal immunity     

Bech-Nielsen GV  Hansen CH  Hufeldt MR  Nielsen DS  Aasted B  Vogensen FK  Midtvedt T  Hansen AK 《Research in veterinary science》2012,92(3):501-508

Inflammatory diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans and mice are under the influence of the composition of the gut microbiota (GM). It was previously demonstrated that treating Lep(ob) mice with antibiotics improved glucose tolerance. However, wild type C57BL/6J mice may also exhibit plasma glucose intolerance reminiscent of human T2D. We hypothesized that antibiotic treatment in C57BL/6 mice would have an impact on glucose tolerance without affecting weight and gut immunology. When compared to mice treated with erythromycin or the controls, treatment for five weeks with ampicillin improved glucose tolerance without significantly affecting the weight or the number of gut mucosal regulatory T cells, tolerogenic dendritic cells or T helper cells type 1. 16S rRNA gene based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles clearly clustered according to treatment and showed that antibiotic treatment reduced GM diversity. It is concluded that antibiotic treatment changes glucose metabolism as well as the composition of the GM in C57BL/6 mice, and that this does not seem to be correlated to weight development in the mice.  相似文献   

Bats and bees are pollinating Parkia biglobosa in The Gambia     

Kristin Marie Lassen  Anders R?bild  Henrik Hansen  Camilla J. Br?dsgaard  Erik Nymann Eriksen 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,85(3):465-475

A pollination experiment was conducted with Parkia biglobosa (Fabaceae) in The Gambia. P. biglobosa is integrated in the farming systems and produces fruit pulp and seeds used in cooking. The species is bat-pollinated, and in areas with few bats the main pollinators are assumed to be honey bees. A higher rate of effective pollination will in many instances increase fruit production, and the aim of this study was to investigate pollination efficiency of different pollinators. Access of flower visiting animals to flowers was controlled by nets with differently sized mesh, using five trees as replicates. The pollinators’ identity, efficiency, and relative effect were determined. Bats, honey bees, and stingless bees were able to pollinate the species. Bat-visited capitula produced more pods, but not significantly more than honey bees. Honey bees were more efficient than stingless bees, resulting in significantly less aborted seeds. The treatment which excluded all flower visitors developed no mature pods, indicating that P. biglobosa was not autonomous autogamous, apomictic, or parthenocarpic, while the treatment with confined honey bees showed that geitonogamy is possible. Sugar content of fruit pulp was analysed and a positive correlation between number of seeds per pod and the sugar content was found. Improved pollination success may thus result in sweeter fruits. We conclude it is important to strive against a pollinator-friendly environment in order to attract bats and bees. Furthermore, we suggest beekeeping in the vicinity of P. biglobosa as a way to increase yield.  相似文献   

Housing conditions and management practices associated with neonatal lamb mortality in sheep flocks in Norway     

Holmøy IH  Kielland C  Stubsjøen SM  Hektoen L  Waage S 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2012,107(3-4):231-241

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Application of network analysis parameters in risk-based surveillance - examples based on cattle trade data and bovine infections in Sweden     

Frössling J  Ohlson A  Björkman C  Håkansson N  Nöremark M 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2012,105(3):202-208

Financial resources may limit the number of samples that can be collected and analysed in disease surveillance programmes. When the aim of surveillance is disease detection and identification of case herds, a risk-based approach can increase the sensitivity of the surveillance system. In this paper, the association between two network analysis measures, i.e. 'in-degree' and 'ingoing infection chain', and signs of infection is investigated. It is shown that based on regression analysis of combined data from a recent cross-sectional study for endemic viral infections and network analysis of animal movements, a positive serological result for bovine coronavirus (BCV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is significantly associated with the purchase of animals. For BCV, this association was significant also when accounting for herd size and regional cattle density, but not for BRSV. Examples are given for different approaches to include cattle movement data in risk-based surveillance by selecting herds based on network analysis measures. Results show that compared to completely random sampling these approaches increase the number of detected positives, both for BCV and BRSV in our study population. It is concluded that network measures for the relevant time period based on updated databases of animal movements can provide a simple and straight forward tool for risk-based sampling.  相似文献   

Application of repeated bulk milk testing for identification of infection dynamics of Neospora caninum in Thai dairy herds     

Chanlun A  Emanuelson U  Chanlun S  Aiumlamai S  Björkman C 《Veterinary parasitology》2006,136(3-4):243-250

In this prospective study, repeated bulk milk tests were evaluated to establish the Neospora caninum antibody status and to describe infection dynamics and changes in prevalence of N. caninum in Thai dairy herds. Bulk milk from 418 herds in northeast Thailand were collected at three consecutive samplings, in December 2002 (sampling 1), April (sampling 2) and December 2003 (sampling 3). All samples were analysed for presence of N. caninum antibodies by iscom ELISA, and the optical density values were dichotomized at three different cut-offs. Herd status at either sampling 1 or sampling 2 was used to predict herd status at sampling 3. Changes in both sensitivity and specificity at the first samplings at all cut-offs were consistent with commonly seen patterns when evaluating performance of diagnostic tests. In addition, the predictive positive values (PPV) of herd status at each of the two samplings were more affected by time of sampling than choice of cut-off, whereas the predictive negative values (PNV) increased with increasing cut-off. Herd status at the first samplings was also interpreted in combination, i.e. herds that were negative at both samplings were considered negative and positive otherwise in Combination A, while herds positive at both samplings were considered positive in Combination B. When using these combinations, Combination A gave higher PNV but lower PPV than Combination B at all cut-offs. Using the optical density value 0.20 as cut-off to establish the herd N. caninum antibody status, 270 herds (65%) kept their status throughout the study period, but 148 herds converted their status at least once. Interestingly, 136 (86%) of the 158 herds that were considered negative at sampling 1 and sampling 2 remained negative at sampling 3. In addition of the 159 herds considered positive at the first two samplings, 134 (84%) were still positive at sampling 3. We concluded that repeated bulk milk testing at regular intervals provided better information about herd N. caninum status than a single test. Further, our results showed that the infection is prevalent in northeast Thailand, but that a herd can keep a negative infection status despite the frequent presence of dogs.  相似文献   

Isolation of an in vitro and ex vivo antiradical melanoidin from roasted barley     

Papetti A  Daglia M  Aceti C  Quaglia M  Gregotti C  Gazzani G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(4):1209-1216

The antiradical properties of water-soluble components of both natural and roasted barley were determined in vitro, by means of DPPH* assay and the linoleic acid-beta-carotene system, and ex vivo, in rat liver hepatocyte microsomes against lipid peroxidation induced by CCl4. The results show the occurrence in natural barley of weak antioxidant components. These are able to react against low reactive peroxyl radicals, but offer little protection against stable DPPH radicals deriving from peroxidation in microsomal lipids. Conversely, roasted barley yielded strong antioxidant components that are able to efficiently scavenge free radicals in any system used. The results show that the barley grain roasting process induces the formation of soluble Maillard reaction products with powerful antiradical activity. From roasted barley solution (barley coffee) was isolated a brown high molecular mass melanoidinic component, resistant to acidic hydrolysis, that is responsible for most of the barley coffee antioxidant activity in the biosystem.  相似文献   

Multifaceted Approach for Characterization of Solid Residues from Sludge Incineration     

Braguglia  Camilla Maria  Marani  Dario  Mininni  Giuseppe  Mescia  Paolo  Bemporad  Edoardo  Carassiti  Fabio 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2004,158(1):193-205

The Italian Water Research Institute (IRSA) carried out sludge incineration tests on a demonstrative plant equipped with a circulating fluidized bed furnace. Aim of this paper is to present the potential applicability of non-conventional techniques for solid residues characterization. Results of five tests performed under different operating conditions are discussed. Incineration solid residues were sampled from the cyclone, downstream the furnace (cyclone ash, CA), and from the bag filter (filter ash, FA). Different techniques were used by the Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department of the Roma TRE University, which cooperated with IRSA in the research project, to characterize incineration products and to correlate with process parameters. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) technique was used to estimate the amount of sand, lost from the furnace, in CA and FA samples. Particle size distribution was measured using Low Angle Laser Light Scattering (LALLS). Scanning Electron Microscopy associated with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was used to correlate size and shape of individual particles with chemical composition.This multifaceted approach to characterize incineration residues appears promising, providing additional and complementary information to the traditional chemical characterization.  相似文献