Contribution of family labour to the profitability and competitiveness of small-scale dairy production systems in central Mexico   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Rodolfo Rogelio Posadas-Domínguez  Carlos Manuel Arriaga-Jordán  Francisco Ernesto Martínez-Castañeda 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(1):235-240

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of family labour on the profitability and competitiveness of small-scale dairy farms in the highlands of Central Mexico. Economic data from 37 farms were analysed from a stratified statistical sampling with a Neyman assignment. Three strata were defined taking herd size as criterion. Stratum 1: herds from 3 to 9 cows plus replacements, Stratum 2: herds from 10 to 19 cows and Stratum 3: herds from 20 to 30 cows. The policy analysis matrix was used as the method to determine profitability and competitiveness. The coefficient of private profitability (CPP) when the economic cost of family labour is included in the cost structure was 8.0 %, 31.0 % and 46.0 %. When the economic cost of family labour is not included, CPP increase to 47.0 %, 57.0 % and 66.0 % for each strata, respectively. The private cost ratio (PCR) when family labour is included was 0.79, 0.51 and 0.42 for strata 1, 2 and 3, respectively. When family labour is not included, the PCR was 0.07, 0.25 and 0.26. Net profit per litre of milk including family labour was US$0.03 l^-1 for Stratum 1, US$0.09 for Stratum 2 and US$0.12 l^-1 for Stratum 3; but increased to $0.12, 0.14 and 0.15, respectively, when the economic cost of family labour is not included. It is concluded that family labour is a crucial factor in the profitability and competitiveness of small-scale dairy production.  相似文献   

Porcine salivary analysis by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis in 3 models of acute stress: A pilot study     

María Fuentes-Rubio  José J. Cerón  Carlos de Torre  Damián Escribano  Ana M. Gutiérrez  Fernando Tecles 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2014,78(2):127-132

The purpose of this research was to study changes in the salivary proteome of healthy pigs in stressful situations to identify any potential new salivary biomarker of stress. Three groups of animals were subjected to 3 stress models: snaring restraint followed by simulated sampling of vena cava blood; brief transport by road; and restriction of movement in a digestibility cage. Saliva was obtained from each animal before and 15 and 30 min after the induction of stress. The samples from the animals that showed the greatest increase in salivary cortisol concentration were pooled and run on 2-dimensional gels. Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 was used for spot detection and mass spectrometry for spot identification. Statistical analyses showed that 2 proteins had significant differences in expression before and after the induction of stress. These proteins were identified as odorant-binding protein and fragments of albumin. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the value of using these proteins as salivary biomarkers of stress in pigs.  相似文献   

Subependymal Reaction Secondary to Choroid Plexus Papilloma in a Horse     

Paulo Ricardo Dell'Armelina Rocha  Andrea Bertuglia  Elena Biasibetti  Michela Bullone  Alfonso Rosamilia  Loretta Masoero  Maria Teresa Capucchio 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2014

Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is a rare, benign, intracranial neoplasm. The present report described a choroid plexus papilloma of the fourth ventricle with unusual proliferative reaction of ependymal/subependymal cells in a stallion. A single, soft neoformation, red-gray in color, with an irregular surface, resembling a cauliflower, expanding from the fourth ventricle to the cerebellar peduncles was observed. Microscopically, the neoformation was composed of a single layer of simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium with a well-vascularized papillary-arboriform pattern. Multifocal subependymal aggregates forming rosettes were observed near the mesencephalic aqueduct (MA). Glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein (GFAP) was markedly positive only in the neuropil adjacent to the proliferative areas of the MA. Ependymal/subependymal reactions secondary to CPP have never been described in equine or human neuropathology. The capabilities of ependymal cells to regenerate and eventually proliferate are controversial and unclear and, thus, require additional investigation to understand the adaptive mechanisms of this rare pathogenic condition.  相似文献   

Re-emergence of Pigeon Fever (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) Infection in Texas Horses: Epidemiologic Investigation of Laboratory-Diagnosed Cases     

Barbara Szonyi  Amy Swinford  Alfonso Clavijo  Renata Ivanek 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2014

In recent years, Texas has seen a dramatic increase in the number of clinical cases of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (pigeon fever) infection in horses. Equine pigeon fever cases at Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (TVMDL) were analyzed with the objectives of investigating the spatiotemporal distribution and seasonal and annual trends of pigeon fever infection in horses in Texas between 2005 and 2011 and identifying high-risk areas and create a risk map for pigeon fever in horses in Texas. The study population consisted of horses culture-positive for C. pseudotuberculosis between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011 at TVMDL. The Poisson model of scan statistics was fitted to identify disease clusters. Empirical Bayesian smoothing was performed with the crude incidence estimates, followed by the geostatistical method of kriging to delineate high-risk areas. Cases increased 10-fold between 2005 and 2011. The annual cumulative incidence ranged from 9.3 to 99.5 per 100,000 horses at risk. Two seasonal peaks in the number of cases were observed in June and in December. Scan statistics identified a primary cluster in central Texas in 2011 (P < .0001 and relative risk of 9.2). Isopleth risk mapping also delineated a high-risk area in central Texas. High-risk areas were also detected in the panhandle and northern Texas. The epidemiological investigation supported anecdotal reports that pigeon fever is re-emerging in the Texas horse population. This study provides a baseline for future investigations of pigeon fever in the Texas horse population and serves as a reference for the disease distribution for veterinarians and horse owners.  相似文献   

Ultrastructural Morphology and Nuclear Maturation Rates of Immature Equine Oocytes Vitrified with Different Solutions and Exposure Times     

Bruna R. Curcio  Melba O. Gastal  Gabriel R. Pereira  Carine D. Corcini  Fernanda C. Landim-Alvarenga  Severo S. Barros  Carlos E.W. Nogueira  João Carlos Deschamps  Eduardo L. Gastal 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2014

Ultrastructural morphological injuries and maturation rates were investigated in equine oocytes exposed to vitrification solutions (VS) containing synthetic ice blockers (SIBs) during different exposure times. In experiment 1, compact cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs; n = 30) were randomly allocated to treatments: (1) fresh fixed (control); (2) VS-1 (1.4 M dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] + 1.8 M ethylene glycol [EG] + 1% SIB) for 3 minutes of equilibrium time and VS-2 (2.8 M DMSO + 3.6 M EG + 0.6 M sucrose + 1% SIB) for 1 minute (Eq-long); and (3) VS-1 for 1.5 minutes and VS-2 for 30 seconds (Eq-short). In experiment 2, compact (n = 248) and expanded (n = 264) COCs were evenly distributed to the following treatments: (1) immediate maturation in vitro (control); (2) vitrification using the Eq-short protocol as in experiment 1; and (3) vitrification using a stock solution containing 2.8 M formamide, 2.8 M DMSO, 2.7 M EG, 7% polyvinylpyrrolidone, and 1% SIB (Eq-short-mod). More (P < .02) oocytes with normal ultrastructural morphology were seen in fresh control and Eq-short groups than in Eq-long group. Metaphase-II (MII) rates were higher (P < .05) for oocytes with expanded cumulus than compact cumulus in the control group, and higher (P < .05) for oocytes with expanded cumulus than compact cumulus in Eq-short and Eq-short-mod groups. No difference in MII rates was detected among groups within each type of COC. In conclusion, reduction of exposure time to VS better preserved oocyte ultrastructural features, and MII rates were higher for vitrified oocytes with expanded cumulus. This study advances our knowledge on potential alternatives for vitrification of immature equine oocytes.  相似文献   

Persistent Hematuria as a Result of Chronic Renal Hypertension Secondary to Nephritis in a Stallion     

Luis Alfonso Gracia-Calvo  María Esther DuránMaría Martín-Cuervo  DVM  MS  Verónica VieítezJoaquín Jiménez  DVM  PhD  Luis Javier Ezquerra  DVM  PhD  dip ECVS 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2014

A 13-year-old Lusitano stallion was referred to our institution with a history of severe hematuria for 8.5 months. The origin of the hematuria was determined to be the left kidney. The diagnostic workup failed to identify obstructive, infectious, or neoplastic conditions. The history and ultrasonographic examination suggested a chronic condition. The stallion was subjected to left nephrectomy because of the persistent hematuria and anemia. A histopathological examination detected lesions, which were compatible with chronic nephritis and vascular renal hypertension. It is hypothesized that changes in the normal parenchymal architecture produced a vascular aberration that led to renal hypertension, with subsequent blood extravasation and hematuria. The horse recovered completely after nephrectomy.  相似文献   

Effect of Exposure to Heatwave During Blastocyst Formation on Reproductive Performance of Female Rabbits     

F Marco‐Jiménez  C Naturil‐Alfonso  DS Peñaranda  E Jiménez‐Trigos  FJ García‐Diego  JS Vicente 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2014,49(4):629-635

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Participation of ascorbic acid in the dormancy establishment of poplar lateral branch buds     

Gustavo Esteban Gergoff Grozeff  Carlos Guillermo Bartoli 《Journal of Forest Research》2014,19(2):301-304

This work studied the participation of ascorbic acid (AA) in the dormancy establishment of apical buds of poplar (Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall cv. Catfish 2) lateral branches. AA content was highest during the active growth period and decreased to the lowest content during bud dormancy. The accumulation of the oxidised form, dehydroascorbate, was similar in either growth or dormant bud stages. The supplementation of buds with AA at the end of the summer delayed bud set. Similarly, the supplementation of buds with gibberellic acid extended the growth period and kept a high AA content in the apoplast. These results suggest that a decrease in the accumulation of reduced AA might be needed for the dormancy establishment in apical buds of poplar lateral branches.  相似文献   

Distribution patterns of acorns after primary dispersion in a fragmented oak forest and their consequences on predators and dispersers     

Carlos Renato Ramos-Palacios  Ernesto I. Badano  Joel Flores  Jorge A. Flores-Cano  José L. Flores-Flores 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(3):391-404

Forest fragmentation affects seed production, but little is known about how seeds are distributed in fragmented forests after primary dispersion and how this affects their interactions with other organisms. This study addressed these issues in a fragmented oak forest of Quercus laeta where four habitat types were recognized: interior and edge of patches, deforested matrix around patches, and an abandoned field. Areas and distances to the abandoned field were measured for 40 patches, and acorns were sampled in all habitats. Only samples from the interior and edge of patches had acorns, which were classified as aborted, viable, and parasitized by insects or fungi. Acorns in all these classes were regressed against patch area and distance to the abandoned field. Field experiments were also conducted to determine whether acorn removal rates varied across habitats. Aborted acorns within patches were not related to area or distance, but they decreased with increasing values of both variables at patch edges. Within patches, viable acorns were positively related to increases in area and distance, while the converse occurred for insect-damaged acorns; fungal-infested acorns were not related to patch variables in this habitat. Complex interactions between area and distance explained how acorns in these classes were distributed across patch edges. Acorn removal was higher within patches and their edges when compared to human-disturbed habitats; both mice and birds were identified as potential acorn dispersers. These results suggest that forest fragmentation affects acorn-mediated processes and that this may influence the recovery of patch connectivity in the landscape.  相似文献   

Maturity and reproduction of goneplacid crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carcinoplax vestita</Emphasis> (Decapoda,Brachyura) in Tokyo Bay     

Wataru Doi  Than Than Lwin  Masashi Yokota  Carlos Augusto Strüssmann  Seiichi Watanabe 《Fisheries Science》2007,73(2):331-340

ABSTRACT:     Sexual maturity, morphological sexual dimorphism, and reproduction of the goneplacid crab Carcinoplax vestita were investigated in Tokyo Bay, Japan, from November 2002 to October 2003. The puberty molt in males was evidenced by changes in the relative size of the chelipeds and merus of the walking legs, and was estimated to occur at a size range of 13.20–18.85 mm carapace length. Post-pubertal females were identified by the relative size of the abdomen and puberty was estimated to occur at a size range of 12.81–15.46 mm carapace length. Sexual dimorphism in C. vestita was observed in all features that showed secondary sexual characteristics. Monthly changes of gonad index in males, and of seminal receptacle index and occurrence of sperm plugs in females were synchronized, and indicated that mating was intense in spring. Ovaries began developing in March. Ovigerous females were found in all months except December, but were clearly more abundant between August and October. Fecundity ranged from 7800 to 57 000 mature oocytes per female per batch and was highly correlated with body size. The results suggest that some females may spawn more than one batch per year.  相似文献