Characterization of the most odor-active volatiles of orange wine made from a Turkish cv. Kozan (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)     

Selli S  Canbas A  Varlet V  Kelebek H  Prost C  Serot T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(1):227-234

The aroma-active compounds of cv. Turkish Kozan orange wine were analyzed by sensory and instrumental analyses. Liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane was used for extraction of volatile components. According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract obtained by liquid-liquid extraction was representative of orange wine odor. A total of 63 compounds were identified and quantified in orange wine. The results of the gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis showed that 35 odorous compounds were detected by the panelists. Of these, 28 aroma-active compounds were identified. Alcohols followed by terpenes and esters were the most abundant aroma-active compounds of the orange wine. Among these compounds, ethyl butanoate (fruity sweet), 3-methyl-1-pentanol (roasty), linalool (floral citrusy), gamma-butyrolactone (cheesy burnt sugar), 3-(methylthio)-propanol (boiled potato, rubber), geraniol (floral citrusy), and 2-phenylethanol (floral rose) were the most important contributors to the aroma of the orange wine because they were perceived by all eight panelists.  相似文献   

Effect of apple particle state on the release of volatile compounds in a new artificial mouth device     

Arvisenet G  Billy L  Poinot P  Vigneau E  Bertrand D  Prost C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(9):3245-3253

Varying the crushing parameters in a model mouth apparatus gave different crushed apple samples, which were compared to apples crushed in the human mouth by six people. An image analysis method was developed to measure the similarity between apple particles after crushing in the artificial mouth and in the human mouth. Thus, experimental conditions were determined that produced fruit in a state closest to that obtained after mastication in a human mouth. The influence of these different conditions on the quantity of released volatile compounds was then studied.  相似文献   

Foodfish Production Strategies Using 13‐cm and 19‐cm Hybrid Catfish, ♀Ictalurus punctatus ×  ♂Ictalurus furcatus     

Patrick Rees  Carole Engle  Nilima Renukdas 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2014,45(4):412-420

Most hybrid catfish, ♀Ictalurus punctatus × ♂Ictalurus furcatus, producers stock 18‐ to 19‐cm fingerlings in single‐batch production. While stocking smaller fingerlings would be less expensive, the economic trade‐offs of using smaller fingerlings is unknown. Two sizes of hybrid catfish fingerlings (13‐cm and 19‐cm) were stocked in single‐size treatments at 9884 head/ha and a multi‐size treatment with each size stocked at 9884 head/ha (total 19,768 head/ha). In the 13‐cm and 19‐cm single‐size treatments, 87 and 98%, respectively, reached market size in one season. In the multi‐size treatment, 77% of all fish stocked reached market size, demonstrating that more than half of the 13‐cm fish reached market size in this treatment. Gross, net, and marketable yields were significantly greater in the multi‐size treatment when compared to the 13‐cm or 19‐cm single‐size treatments, but were not significantly different between the two single‐size treatments. The 19‐cm single‐size treatment resulted in greater break‐even prices and economic risk than the other two treatments. This study demonstrated that 13‐cm hybrid catfish fingerlings can be raised economically in both single‐ and multi‐size production systems in the southern USA.  相似文献   

Cellular pathogenesis in prion diseases     

Crozet C  Beranger F  Lehmann S 《Veterinary research》2008,39(4):44

Prion diseases are characterised by neuronal loss, vacuolation (spongiosis), reactive astrocytosis, microgliosis and in most cases by the accumulation in the central nervous system of the abnormal prion protein, named PrP(Sc). In this review on the "cellular pathogenesis in prion diseases", we have chosen to highlight the main mechanisms underlying the impact of PrP(C)/PrP(Sc) on neurons: the neuronal dysfunction, the neuronal cell death and its relation with PrP(Sc) accumulation, as well as the role of PrP(Sc) in the microglial and astrocytic reaction.  相似文献   

Effects of ractopamine supplementation and postmortem aging on longissimus muscle palatability of beef steers differing in biological type     

Gruber SL  Tatum JD  Engle TE  Prusa KJ  Laudert SB  Schroeder AL  Platter WJ 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(1):205-210

Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) supplementation and postmortem aging on palatability of beef from steers differing in biological type were evaluated using LM samples from British, Continental crossbred, and Brahman crossbred calf-fed steers (n = 98/type). Equal numbers of steers within each type were assigned to treatments of 0 or 200 mg.steer(-1).d(-1) of RAC fed during the final 28 d of the finishing period. Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) was measured at 3, 7, 14, and 21 d postmortem, and trained sensory panel (TP) evaluation was conducted using LM samples aged for 14 d postmortem. A RAC x type interaction (P = 0.006) was detected for WBSF. Within each type, steers fed RAC produced steaks with greater (P < 0.05) WBSF values than steaks from control steers; however, the magnitude of the effect of RAC on WBSF was more pronounced among Brahman cross-breds (5.53 vs. 4.96 +/- 0.10 kg) than among Continental crossbred (4.16 vs. 3.96 +/- 0.10 kg) and British steers (4.10 vs. 3.75 +/- 0.10 kg). The effect of RAC on WBSF, though diminished slightly by aging (mean WBSF difference: 3 d = 0.49 kg; 21 d = 0.24 kg), was not completely mitigated by 21 d of postmortem storage (P(RAC x AGE) = 0.16). Steers fed RAC produced steaks that received lower (P < 0.05) TP ratings for tenderness (8.09 vs. 8.95 +/- 0.18) and juiciness (7.41 vs. 8.07 +/- 0.16 kg), along with slightly lower (P = 0.06) ratings for beef flavor (6.67 vs. 6.93 +/- 0.10 kg), compared with steaks from unsupplemented steers, regardless of biological type. Among the 3 biological types, Brahman crossbred cattle produced steaks with the greatest (P < 0.05) WBSF values at each aging period; WBSF values for steaks from British and Continental type steers did not differ (P > 0.05) at any aging time. Sensory panel ratings of tenderness, juiciness, and beef flavor were greatest (P < 0.05) for steaks from British steers, and least (P < 0.05) for steaks produced by Brahman-type steers. Results from this study suggest that RAC supplementation slightly decreases LM tenderness (WBSF and TP) of British, Continental crossbred, and Brahman cross-bred steers, and that the effect of RAC on WBSF may be more pronounced in steaks from Brahman crossbred cattle than among stenks from Continental type or British steers.  相似文献   

Effects of heifer finishing implants on beef carcass traits and longissimus tenderness     

Schneider BA  Tatum JD  Engle TE  Bryant TC 《Journal of animal science》2007,85(8):2019-2030

Effects of finishing implants on heifer carcass characteristics and LM Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were investigated using commercially fed Continental x British heifers (n = 500). Heifers were blocked by initial BW (block 1, BW > or = 340 kg; block 2, BW < 340 kg) and assigned randomly to 12 treatments that utilized 0, 1, or 2 finishing implants to deliver cumulative dosages of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol 17-beta (E2) ranging from 0 to 400 mg of TBA and 0 to 40 mg of E2 during the finishing period. Heifers in blocks 1 and 2 were slaughtered after 135 and 149 d on feed, respectively. At these endpoints, the treatment groups did not differ (P > 0.05) in adjusted fat thickness or predicted percentage of empty body fat. Compared with a nonimplanted control, implanting heifers once during finishing increased (P = 0.025) HCW by an average of 7.9 kg without affecting the mean marbling score, the percentage of carcasses grading Choice and Prime, or LM WBSF values. Compared with the use of 1 implant, the use of 2 finishing implants resulted in an additional increase (P = 0.008) in HCW of 6.0 kg. Reimplanting also increased (P < 0.001) LM area, reduced (P = 0.024) the percentage of KPH, and improved (P = 0.004) mean yield grade. However, reimplanted heifers produced a lower (P = 0.044) percentage of carcasses grading Choice and Prime and LM steaks with greater (P < 0.05) WBSF values at all postmortem aging times compared with heifers that were implanted once. Among heifers receiving 2 implants, mean 14-d LM WBSF increased linearly (P < 0.05) as the cumulative, combined dosage of E2 plus TBA increased. Heifers implanted with a combination of E2 plus TBA had larger (P = 0.046) LM areas, lower (P = 0.004) mean marbling scores, and greater LM WBSF values after 3 d (P = 0.001), 7 d (P = 0.001), 14 d (P = 0.003), and 21 d (P = 0.045) of postmortem aging than did heifers implanted with TBA alone. Heifers that received combination implants containing both E2 and TBA also produced fewer (P = 0.005) carcasses with marbling scores of modest or greater compared with heifers that received single-ingredient implants containing TBA alone. Implant treatment effects on LM WBSF gradually diminished as the length of the postmortem aging period increased. Postmortem aging periods of 14 to 28 d were effective for mitigating the detrimental effects of mild or moderately aggressive heifer implant programs on the predicted consumer acceptability of LM steaks.  相似文献   

The Effect of Hybrid Catfish Fingerling Prices on the Relative Profitability of Hybrid Channel Catfish     

Ganesh Kumar  Carole Engle 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2011,42(4):469-483

Previous studies have indicated that the price premium charged for hybrid catfish fingerlings may be a significant factor in the adoption and profitability of hybrid catfish production. An enterprise budgeting simulation analysis was developed to compare costs, risk, and effect of hybrid fingerling costs. Feed, fingerling, and total costs ($/ha and $/kg) were highest for hybrid catfish production, intermediate for NWAC‐103, and lowest for normal channel catfish production. Net returns were highest for hybrid catfish production, but breakeven prices were also highest. Risk analysis showed that downside risk (risk of losing money) was higher for hybrid production for all farm sizes. Risk‐averse farmers would not select hybrid catfish at the mean fingerling values used in the analysis. However, at hybrid fingerling prices less than $0.0081/cm, hybrid catfish production was superior in profitability and breakeven cost of production. Thus, for hybrid catfish production to be preferred economically to normal channel catfish, the price premium for hybrid catfish fingerlings can be no more than 84% ($0.0037/cm) above that of normal channel catfish fingerlings and 57% ($0.0025/cm) above that of NWAC‐103 fingerling prices.  相似文献   

Resource Use Assessment of Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon,Production in Thailand and Vietnam          下载免费PDF全文

Claude E. Boyd  Aaron A. McNevin  Phoebe Racine  Huynh Quoc Tinh  Hang Ngo Minh  Rawee Viriyatum  Duangchai Paungkaew  Carole Engle 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2017,48(2):201-226

Resource use was investigated at 34 Litopenaeus vannamei and five Penaeus monodon farms in Thailand and 30 L. vannamei and 24 P. monodon farms in Vietnam. Farms varied in water surface areas for production, reservoirs, canals, and settling basins; in pond size and depth; and in water management, stocking density, feeding rate, amendment input, aeration rate, crop duration, and crops per year. Production of L. vannamei averaged 17.3 and 10.9 m.t./ha/yr, and feed conversion ratio averaged 1.49 and 1.33 in Thailand and Vietnam, respectively. On average, production of 1 m.t. of L. vannamei required 0.58 ha land, 5,400 m³ water, 60 GJ energy, and 1218 kg wildfish in Thailand and 1.76 ha land, 15,100 m³ water, 33.7 GJ energy, and 1264 kg wildfish in Vietnam. Resource use per metric ton of shrimp declined with greater production intensity. In Thailand, P. monodon was produced at 0.2–0.4 m.t./ha/yr, with no inputs but water and postlarvae. In Vietnam, P. monodon production averaged 3.60 m.t./ha/yr. Production of 1 m.t. of P. monodon required 0.80 ha land, 36,000 m³ water, 47.8 GJ energy, and 1180 kg wildfish, and resource use per ton production declined with increasing production intensity.  相似文献   

Economics of Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture: Evidence from Shrimp Farms in Vietnam and Thailand          下载免费PDF全文

Carole R. Engle  Aaron McNevin  Phoebe Racine  Claude E. Boyd  Duangchai Paungkaew  Rawee Viriyatum  Huynh Quoc Tinh  Hang Ngo Minh 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2017,48(2):227-239

There is growing interest in sustainable intensification of aquaculture production. Yet little economic analysis has been done on farm‐level effects of the economic sustainability of production intensification. Data from 83 shrimp farms (43 in Vietnam and 40 in Thailand) were used to identify (through principal component and cluster analyses) 13 clusters of management practices that reflected various scales of production intensity that ranged from 0–1999 kg/ha/crop to 10,000 kg/ha/crop and above, for both Penaeus monodon and Litopenaeus vannamei in Vietnam and Thailand. The clusters identified reflected sets of management practices that resulted in differing yields despite similarities in stocking densities among some clusters. The enterprise budget analysis developed showed that the more intensively managed clusters outperformed the less intensively managed clusters in economic terms. More intensively managed farm clusters had lower costs per metric ton of shrimp produced and were more profitable. The greater yields of shrimp produced per hectare of land and water resources in more intensively managed shrimp farms spread annual fixed costs across a greater volume of shrimp produced and reduced the cost per metric ton of shrimp. Costs per metric ton of shrimp produced decreased from the lowest to the highest intensity level (from US$10,245 at lowest intensity to US$3484 at highest for P. monodon and from US$24,301 to US$5387 for L. vannamei in Vietnam and from US$8184 at the lowest intensity level to US$3817 at the highest intensity level per metric ton for L. vannamei in Thailand). Costs of pond amendments used in shrimp production were particularly high in Vietnam and largely unwarranted, whereas fixed costs associated with the value of land, production facilities, equipment, and labor were sufficiently high in Thailand so that net returns were negative in the long run. Nevertheless, economic losses in Thailand were less at greater levels of intensification. The study demonstrated a clear value proposition for shrimp farmers to use natural resources (such as land) and other inputs in an efficient manner and supports findings from corresponding research on farm‐level natural resource use efficiency. Additional research that incorporates economic analysis into on‐farm studies of sustainable intensification of aquaculture is needed to provide ongoing guidance related to sustainable management practices for aquaculture.  相似文献   

A pyrosequencing‐based method to quantify genetic substitutions associated with resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides in Botrytis spp. populations          下载免费PDF全文

Mélanie Gobeil‐Richard  David‐Mathieu Tremblay  Carole Beaulieu  Hervé Van der Heyden  Odile Carisse 《Pest management science》2016,72(3):566-573

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