Whole Grains and Health,Evidence from Observational and Intervention Studies     

Chris J. Seal  Iain A. Brownlee 《Cereal Chemistry》2010,87(2):167-174

Nutritionists, dietitians and food manufacturers have advocated an increased consumption of whole grain foods. In some countries, this message is supported by governmental guidelines and health claims that can be used on whole grain foods. The bulk of evidence to support these messages comes from observational studies; in some cases, cohort studies with follow‐up. Although these data are powerful indicators of the relationship between whole grain intake and improved health, they do not demonstrate causality. Nevertheless, it is difficult to argue against the evidence, particularly for the benefit of whole grains in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Repeated meta‐analyses show that CVD risk is reduced by ≈30% when comparing the lowest whole grain consumers with the highest whole grain consumers. It is argued that to help explain the benefits of whole grain and, in particular, to inform the development of health claims for whole grain foods, intervention studies are needed to link observational data with mechanistic explanations. Until recently, the number of whole grain intervention studies has been very small and most have been conducted in at‐risk populations and with small numbers of subjects. Data from larger studies are gradually appearing and, in some cases, the results support the observational data but in others they do not. This report compares observational data with data from intervention studies to reconcile these differences and make recommendations for future research.  相似文献   

Meltblown nanofiber media for enhanced quality factor     

Rohit Uppal  Gajanan Bhat  Chris Eash  Kokouvi Akato 《Fibers and Polymers》2013,14(4):660-668

Nanofibers definitely hold great advantage and promise in filtration as they have very high specific surface area, which ensures greater probability of capturing the particles and hence, the filtration efficiency of the nanofiber filter media is high. Electrospun nanofibers are prohibitively expensive due to extremely low production rate. With recent advances in melt blowing technology, nanofibers could be produced at production rate few orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional single syringe electrospinning and hence, quite cost effective. Influence of air pressure and die to collector distance (DCD) were studied on the number average fiber diameter for the nanofibers as well as the performance properties of the nonwoven webs, each factor at three discrete levels. The nanofibers were as fine as 260 nm. A very encouraging observation of the study is very high values of quality factor observed for nanofiber nonwoven filter media. In order to compare the filtration efficiency of different nanofiber nonwoven media samples with different basis weight, a novel term of specific filtration efficiency is proposed and was found that the specific filtration efficiency with the increase in DCD or air pressure.  相似文献   

Kite Skier's Toe: An Unusual Case of Frostbite     

Katie White Russell  Chris H. Imray  Scott E. McIntosh  Rachel Anderson  Deirdre Galbraith  Sean T. Hudson  Amalia L. Cochran 《The Forestry Chronicle》2013,24(2):136-140

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Has Anyone Seen My Executive Function Recently?     

Chris Imray  Andrew Kelly  Mark Wilson 《The Forestry Chronicle》2013,24(2):174-175

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Assessing genetic variation to improve stem straightness in Eucalyptus globulus     

David P. Blackburn  Matthew G. Hamilton  Chris E. Harwood  Thomas G. Baker  Brad M. Potts 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(5):461-470

Context

Stem straightness is an important trait for growers and processors of Eucalyptus globulus logs for solid-wood products.

Aims

The aims of the study were to determine the extent of genetic variation in stem deviation from straightness in E. globulus and assess the utility of a six-point subjective scoring method as a selection criterion for stem straightness.

Methods

Two E. globulus progeny trials, grown under solid-wood product regimes, were studied. At age 9 years (post-thinning), stem straightness was measured using both image analysis and a six-point subjective scale. Diameter at breast height (DBH; 1.3 m) was measured at both age 5 (pre-thinning) and age 9 years.

Results

Significant additive genetic variation was observed. Strong, positive and significant additive genetic correlations were observed between the stem straightness assessment methods and between DBH at ages 5 and 9 years. Significant positive genetic correlations were shown between subjectively scored stem straightness and DBH at both ages 5 and 9 years.

Conclusion

The six-point subjective scoring method is a cost-effective selection criterion for stem straightness in E. globulus. The image measurement technique may be applied where objective estimates of stem straightness are required, for training purposes and to verify subjective scores.  相似文献   

Pilot project: Fructose transporter in intestinal and hepatic cells of an equine give an oligofructose overload     

Tanja Hess  Richard J. Johnson  Ana M.B.G. Silva  Erica B.F.R.B. Mello  Miguel A. Lanaspa  José Correa de Lacerda Neto  Chris Rivard 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2013

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Fecal pH and Microbial Populations in Thoroughbred Horses During Transition from Pasture to Concentrate Feeding     

Mariette van den BergSimone O. Hoskin  PhD  Chris W. Rogers  Alex Grinberg  PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2013

Abrupt dietary transitions and feeding of rapidly fermentable diets are common practices in the horse industry and have been associated with digestive and metabolic disorders that can impair the performance of horses. The present study investigated the effect of dietary transition from pasture grazing to confinement with concentrate feeding, and back, on fecal pH and bacterial populations of Streptococcus spp and Lactobacillus spp. Six Thoroughbred fillies, previously grazing perennial ryegrass and white clover-based pasture, were housed in individual stalls and fed an increasing ratio of concentrate to conserved forages for 13 days (days 1-13), followed by an abrupt transition back to only pasture-grazing for 3 days (days 14-16). The concentrate was initially offered at 0.83 kg dry matter (DM)/d and increased to 5 kg DM/d, whereas ensiled alfalfa was initially offered at 0.61 kg DM/d, increasing to 1.22 kg DM/d. Meadow hay was initially offered at 6.73 kg DM/d, decreasing to 1.6 kg DM/d. Fecal specimens were collected daily for determination of pH, and every 2 days for quantitative analysis of Streptococcus spp and Lactobacillus spp. Mean fecal pH increased significantly from pasture baseline values (pH 6.18) during the initial confinement and supplementation on day 1 (6.37), day 2 (6.52), day 3 (6.58), and day 4 (6.43) (standard error of mean [SEM]: 0.056; P < .001). By day 5, mean fecal pH values had decreased to, and remained at, baseline values until the horses returned to pasture, when another increase occurred at day 15 (6.45). Fecal colony forming units (cfu) of Streptococcus spp and Lactobacillus spp increased linearly (r = 0.94; P < .001) from 6.0 and 6.1 log₁₀ cfu/g on day -4, to 7.8 log₁₀ cfu/g on day 14 (SEM: 0.2 P < .001), respectively. Fecal cfu decreased on return to a pasture-only diet (P < .001). In this study, the increment of bacterial populations was associated with a relatively stable fecal pH and highlights the difficulty in identifying the effects of dietary transition on the equine hindgut health, without microbial culture.  相似文献   

Participatory research approaches to integrating scientific and farmer knowledge of soil to meet multiple objectives in the English East Midlands     

Chris Stoate  Stephen Jones  Felicity Crotty  Carol Morris  Susanne Seymour 《Soil Use and Management》2019,35(1):150-159

Soil management influences food production, economic performance of farm businesses, and a range of public benefits such as water quality, flood control and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of participatory research in combining scientific and farmer knowledge of soils to meet these multiple objectives. We use five separate research studies involving communication, consultation and co‐production, carried out in the English East Midlands between 2014 and 2018. We compare the participatory processes for knowledge exchange and their material outcomes and assess them retrospectively against specified criteria for successful application of participatory research. We conclude that, depending on context and scalar fit, multiple approaches to participatory research can be complementary, strengthen engagement and build trust within a farming community, resulting in a greater shared understanding of how to address the soil management objectives of farmers and wider society.  相似文献   

Effect of processing conditions on trace elements in fish roe from six commercial new zealand fish species     

Bekhit Ael-D  Morton JD  Dawson CO 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(12):4846-4853

The concentrations of trace elements in fish roes and the effect of processing conditions (karasumi-like or karashi mentaiko) were investigated in six commercial fish species from New Zealand. The studied elements were As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, and the roes were from the following species: chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), hoki ( Macruronus novaezelandiae), southern blue whiting ( Micromesistius australis), hake ( Merluccius australis), blue warehou ( Seriolella brama), and barracouta ( Thyrsites atun). The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in the roes were lower than literature values for fish muscles. Only Zn in barracouta roe and Cu in salmon roe and their products were relatively higher than the generally accepted levels in fish muscles and could be of safety concern. Hence, the consumption of barracouta and salmon roes among certain parts of the population needs to be monitored and assessed. Dry salting (karasumi-like) processing increased ( P < 0.001) the concentrations of the studied trace elements while salting fermentation (karashi mentaiko) processing tended to decrease the levels of trace elements. Fermentation may be a useful process to decrease the level of toxic trace elements.  相似文献   

Sampling strategies and screening of chickpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer arietinum</Emphasis> L.) germplasm for salt tolerance     

Moses F. A. Maliro  David McNeil  Bob Redden  James F. Kollmorgen  Chris Pittock 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(1):53-63

Six hundred accessions of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) landraces and its wild relatives from 28 different countries, available at Australian Temperate and Field Crops Collection (ATFCC) were screened for tolerance to salt under greenhouse conditions using three sampling strategies; (1) random sampling of 200 accessions from different countries, (2) restricted random sampling of 200 accessions from geographical regions with salinity problems and high diversity (Middle East and West & South Asia) and (3) as for strategy 1 but with a reduced representation of accessions from the geographical regions used in strategy 2. Degree of salt tolerance was based on necrosis scores and shoot biomass reduction relative to unstressed controls at harvest after subjecting stressed plants to salt treatment from 21 to 42 days after sowing. There was a wide variation in salinity tolerance determined by both measures. For sampling strategies 1, 2 and 3 respectively; 24, 28 and 14% of accessions were salt tolerant. Accessions from the middle east and south Asian (regions with salinity problem, a long history of chickpea cultivation and high diversity) gave a higher probability (P < 0.01) of getting salt tolerant accessions.  相似文献