Overwintering of genetically modified sugar beet, Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris, as a source for dispersal of transgenic pollen     

Matthias Pohl-Orf  Ulrike Brand  Sarah Drießen  Peter René Hesse  Marcus Lehnen  Claudia Morak  Thomas Mücher  Christiane Saeglitz  Cornelia von Soosten  Detlef Bartsch 《Euphytica》1999,108(3):181-186

The potential impact of transgenic crops on community ecology will depend on the distribution and establishment of the new transgenic traits, on the sexual transfer of their new genes to the environment (Bartsch &; Pohl-Orf, 1996) and on the potential ecological impact of the transgenic trait. Flowering and pollen dispersal is important for outcrossing of the genetically engineered trait. For a biennial plant, like the cultivars of Beta vulgaris L., overwintering is normally necessary to become generative and to produce pollen and seeds (Abe et al., 1997), which usually does not happen with sugar beet as a field crop harvested in autumn (Longden 1989). The starting point for the project was a transgenic sugar beet, Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris (Lange et al., 1998), with rhizomania and herbicide ( Basta®, Liberty®) resistance. Cold tolerance is one of the most important factors for survival of sugar beet in Central- and North-Europe. Among other ways, spreading of transgenic traits into weed beet (Boudry et al., 1993) or wild beet can occur if genetically engineered – biennial – plants survive the winter, flower in spring and spread their pollen. Field experiments were performed with transgenic breeding lines and their hybrids, transgenic and non-transgenic hybrids with Swiss chard and three conventional beet cultivars to evaluate winter survival rates at seven different field sites. We could show that survival of sugar beet – transgenic as well as conventional ones – in Germany and at the Dutch border is possible. Survival rates were well correlated with temperature data and were unexpectedly high. Differences between sugar beet hybrids and breeding lines could be detected but not within different breeding lines or hybrids. There were no differences detectable between transgenic and non-transgenic plants. The data are crucial for the risk assessment of the release of transgenic sugar beet and are the basis for further experiments towards outcrossing and establishment.  相似文献   

Biochemical Characterization of γ‐75 k Secalins of Rye I. Amino Acid Sequences     

Claudia Gellrich  Peter Schieberle  Herbert Wieser 《Cereal Chemistry》2004,81(2):290-295

The prolamin fraction of the rye cultivar Danko was reduced with dithioerythritol and separated by reversed‐phase HPLC on C₁₈ silica gel. Two major γ‐75k secalins, P1 and P2, were collected, purified by rechromatography, derivatized with 4‐vinylpyridine, and digested in parallel with α‐chymotrypsin, thermolysin, and trypsin. The different enzymatic hydrolyzates were preparatively separated by two‐step reversed‐phase HPLC on C₁₈ silica gel, and the resulting peptides were characterized by sequence analysis and, in parts, by mass spectrometry. By means of overlapping peptides and by comparison with a known DNA sequence of a γ‐75k secalin (gSec2A) derived from a wheat translocation line (2RS. 2BL), 84% of the P1 sequence and 35% of the P2 sequence could be assigned. Heterogeneity at several sequence positions demonstrated that both protein preparations were not pure and contained at least two or three components. The sequence of the C‐terminal domain of P1 was almost completely determined except for one of the 148 residues which could not be identified. The partially determined sequences of P2 were highly homologous with those of P1. The results revealed a close relationship between P1, P2, and gSec2A and a high degree of homology with γ‐gliadins of wheat including eight cysteine residues in homologous positions. The partially sequenced N‐terminal domain of P1 was similar to that of gSec2A and consisted of repetitive sequences rich in glutamine, proline, and aromatic amino acids. Differences from γ‐gliadins were found in the strongly increased number of residues, in the more frequent modifications of the repetitive motifs, and in the presence of a cysteine residue at position 12. The partial amino acid sequence of the N‐terminal domain of P2 was in agreement with that of P1, besides a few exceptions in single positions and in the presence of a second cysteine residue.  相似文献   

Are dietary genistein and equol potent enhancers of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)?     

Anna Fickler  Claudia Torno  Stefanie Staats  Gerald Rimbach  Carsten Schulz 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(8):2170-2180

Phytoestrogens are putatively able to enhance the biosynthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but have also been shown to affect fish growth dose dependently. The aim of the present study was to identify a concentration for the phytoestrogen genistein and the phytoestrogen metabolite equol that further increases the endogenous biosynthesis of EPA and DHA without impairing fish growth. Juvenile rainbow trout (87.2 ± 0.3 g) were fed seven diets on a fixed ratio for 8 weeks. A vegetable oil‐based diet served as a control diet and was supplemented with equol (EQ) and genistein (G), respectively, at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% of feed dry matter (1, 2 and 3). Growth and nutrient composition of whole body homogenates were not affected by dietary treatments. EPA and DHA levels in liver, fillet and whole body samples were not significantly increased by EQ and G diets. Fish fed EQ diets showed dose dependently increased liver weights and C18:0 liver levels, indicating estrogen‐like effects at increased dietary dosages. In conclusion, the utilization of equol and genistein in plant oil‐based diets in order to enhance the biosynthesis of EPA and DHA seems not reasonable in rainbow trout.  相似文献   

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in dogs in Switzerland     

Rebecca Veronesi  Marina Morach  Ella Hübschke  Claudia Bachofen  Roger Stephan  Magdalena Nüesch‐Inderbinen 《Zoonoses and public health》2021,68(1):8-11

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of an acute and in most cases self‐limiting hepatitis. Of the four major HEV genotypes that infect humans, genotype 3 and 4 are zoonotic and have been identified in humans but predominantly in pigs and wild boar, which are considered the main reservoirs. However, the known host range of zoonotic HEV may be increasing to comprise additional species, including companion animals. Several studies have identified contact with dogs as a risk factor for HEV infection in humans, yet information on the occurrence of HEV in Swiss dogs is lacking. To examine a possible risk of exposure, this study was designed to assess the seroprevalence of HEV in 84 Swiss dogs. Serum and plasma samples collected from four veterinary clinics were screened for HEV‐specific antibodies by HEV‐antibody ELISA test kit. In addition, information of 22 dogs regarding the country of origin, the type of dog feed and any history of hunting was recorded. Samples from seropositive animals were also screened for the presence of HEV RNA by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR). Overall, 38% (32 of 84) of the dogs tested seropositive for anti‐HEV, indicating exposure to HEV. Among the 22 dogs for which information was available, HEV‐specific antibodies were detected in three of five dogs that were born abroad, in one of two dogs that were fed a raw meat‐based diet, and in one hunting dog. No viral RNA could be detected in any of the serum and plasma samples; thus, the genotype of the strains remained undetermined. This study provides further evidence for canine exposure and susceptibility to HEV and highlights the need to further assess the risks of HEV transmission to humans with contact to dogs.  相似文献   

Shrimp rearing in biofloc integrated with different mullet stocking densities     

Esmeralda Chamorro Legarda  Mateus Aranha Martins  Patriula Kaliana Moreira Pereira  Ramon Felipe Siqueira Carneiro  Isabela Claudiana Pinheiro  Walter Quadros Seiffert  Claudia Machado  Marco Antonio de Lorenzo  Felipe do Nascimento Vieira 《Aquaculture Research》2020,51(9):3571-3581

This work compared the effects of different densities of Mugil curema integrated in the rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc system on the yield and ecological performance of the system. For that, an experiment lasting 55 days was conducted. Four groups were evaluated as follows: (a) T0: shrimp reared without mullet, (b) T10: shrimp reared with 22 fish per tank, (c) T20: shrimp reared with 43 fish per tank, and (d) T30: shrimp reared with 65 fish per tank, each treatment with four replicates. The sludge:biomass ratio was higher in the T0 treatment, while the T10–T20 treatments were more efficient, producing more biomass and less sludge. The use of water was 17% more efficient in all treatments with mullet. Mullet survival was higher in the T10 and T20 treatments (mean: 84 ± 8%) than in the T30 (61 ± 5%) treatment. The fish final biomass and yield limits of the system were 0.37 kg and 3.7 kg/m³ respectively. Finally, there was no increase in the total nitrogen output of the system up to the T10 density. In conclusion, it is possible to integrate mullet up to 3.7 kg/m³, increasing the yield in 20% and decreasing water use.  相似文献   

Participation of lectins in crustacean immune system          下载免费PDF全文

Jose Luis Sánchez‐Salgado  Mohamed Alí Pereyra  Concepción Agundis  Oscar Vivanco‐Rojas  Claudia Sierra‐Castillo  Juan José Alpuche‐Osorno  Edgar Zenteno 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(8):4001-4011

Several lectins have been found in crustaceans, and it has been suggested that they play roles in cell signalling, cell–cell interaction, protein synthesis and pathogen recognition. These functions are performed through their specificity for carbohydrates. This review analyses the carbohydrate specificity, tissue distribution and participation in the immune responses of lectins in crustaceans. Furthermore, we explore some data showing that lectin expression seems to be stimulated by pathogens, favouring crustacean survival.  相似文献   

Modeling a farm population to estimate on-farm compliance costs and environmental effects of a grassland extensification scheme at the regional scale     

Sandra Uthes  Claudia Sattler  Annette Piorr  Martin Damgaard  Amanda Sahrbacher  Chris Kjeldsen  Holger Fischer 《Agricultural Systems》2010,103(5):282-293

We used a farm-level modeling approach to estimate on-farm compliance costs and environmental effects of a grassland extensification scheme in the district of Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Germany. The behavior of the regional farm population (n = 585) consisting of different farm types with different production orientations and grassland types was modeled under the presence and absence of the grassland extensification scheme using the bio-economic model MODAM. Farms were based on available accountancy data and surveyed production data, while information on farm location within the district was derived from a spatial allocation procedure. The reduction in total gross margin per unit area was used to measure on-farm compliance costs. A dimensionless environmental index was used to assess the suitability of the scheme to reduce the risk of nitrate-leaching.Calculated on-farm compliance costs and environmental effects were heterogeneous in space and farm types as a result of different agricultural production and site characteristics. On-farm costs ranged from zero up to almost 1500 Euro/ha. Such high costs occurred only in a very small part of the regional area, whereas the majority of the grassland had low on-farm costs below 50 Euro/ha. Environmental effects were moderate and greater on high-yield than on low-yield grassland. The low effectiveness combined with low on-farm costs in large parts of the region indicates that the scheme is not well targeted. The soft scheme design results from an attempt to achieve environmental and rural development objectives with only one scheme. Improving the efficiency of the scheme would require designing separate instruments for the two distinct objectives. This is in line with the Tinbergen rule, which states that consistent economic policy requires that the number of instruments equals the number of targets.  相似文献   

Migration of bisphenol A (BPA) from epoxy can coatings to jalapeño peppers and an acid food simulant     

Munguia-Lopez EM  Peralta E  Gonzalez-Leon A  Vargas-Requena C  Soto-Valdez H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(25):7299-7302

Effects of heat processing, storage time, and temperature on migration of bisphenol A (BPA) from an epoxy type can coating to an acid food simulant and jalape?o peppers were determined. Commercial jalape?o pepper cans (8 oz, dimensions 211 x 300) were stored at 25 degrees C for 40, 70, and 160 days. A solution of 3% acetic acid was canned in 211 x 300 cans from the same batch used for jalape?o peppers. Heat processing was applied to two-thirds of the cans, and the remaining cans were not heat processed. Cans were stored at 25 and 35 degrees C for 0, 40, 70, and 160 days. Results showed that there is a minimal effect of heat treatment. An effect of storage time on migration of BPA during the first 40 days at 25 degrees C was observed. An increase on migration of BPA was observed with storage time at 35 degrees C. The highest level of migration was 15.33 microg/kg of BPA at 160 days at 35 degrees C. A correction factor of approximately 0.4 was calculated for migration under simulating conditions of storage compared to the real ones. The highest level of BPA found in jalape?o peppers cans, surveyed from three supermarkets, was 5.59 +/- 2.43 microg/kg. Migration of BPA, performed according to the European and Mercosur conditions, was 65.45 +/- 5.29 microg/kg. All the migration values found in this study were below those legislation limits (3 mg/kg).  相似文献   

Shape differences of the Carina sterni in birds of various locomotion types     

Migena Gjoni Gündemir  Tomasz Szara  Constantin Spataru  Ismail Demircioglu  Bernard Turek  Georgios Petrovas  Mihaela Claudia Spataru 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2023,52(2):190-196

The anatomy of the sternum in birds varies according to their habitats and type of locomotion. In particular, the carina sterni manifest different shape variations. In this study, the shape of the carina sterni was investigated by means of geometric morphometrics. Birds of different types of locomotion were used in the study: flying, swimming, and terrestrial. Ducks and chickens show a wider variety of shapes. Pigeons are the species with the least differences. The margo cranialis carinae in a turkey is the flattest compared to other species. In chickens, the apex carinae is more caudally than the base of the carina sterni. The margo cranialis of the carina sterni in ducks is concave. The differences in centroid size and shape differences between species collectively are statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The most distinct shape contrast is between the duck and turkey (p: 0.0003). Form differences between the ducks and geese as well as between the chicken and turkey are statistically insignificant. There is less variation in the shape of the carina sterni among avian species representing the same type of locomotion. Although there are many comparative morphological and morphometric studies of birds, shape analysis studies revealing the interspecific differences and similarities of the sternum are very limited. Morphology of the carina sterni can be useful in taxonomic investigations.  相似文献   

Forest conversion adversely affects native Macrobrachium shrimp assemblages in tropical Malaysian streams     

Lydia X. Gan  Claudia L. Y. Tan  Amirrudin B. Ahmad  Yixiong Cai  Darren C. J. Yeo 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2023,33(1):89-101

1. Commodity-driven forest conversion represents one of the most severe threats to freshwater biodiversity in Southeast Asia, notably causing population declines and the extinction of freshwater fish species.
2. Although a variety of freshwater taxa are likely to be adversely affected by forest conversion, little is known about the impact on ecologically and economically important invertebrates such as decapod crustaceans.
3. This study evaluated the impact of forest conversion and land-use change on freshwater Macrobrachium shrimp species, using species richness, abundance, and environmental data collected from 20 streams across southern Peninsular Malaysia. Streams were located in three types of landscape: forest; oil palm plantation; and mixed land use, comprising young secondary forest, small-scale plantations, patches of open and sparsely vegetated areas, and agricultural fields and clearings.
4. Generalized linear models showed that even incomplete change from forest habitats to mixed land use and oil palm plantation resulted in significantly lower Macrobrachium native species richness and higher non-native species abundance. Native species richness was positively correlated with canopy cover, leaf litter, substrate size, and dissolved oxygen, and was negatively correlated with water temperature and conductivity. Native species richness was also negatively correlated with non-native species abundance, with non-native species abundance increasing along the human disturbance gradient.
5. These results highlight the need for riparian habitat protection to conserve native Macrobrachium and limit the spread of non-native species. A management priority should be to maintain or restore optimum instream habitat conditions for shrimps, which would also benefit fish and other benthic macroinvertebrates. Suitable riparian management requires substantial support and funding from multiple stakeholders, but it can be aligned with other catchment-based strategies to optimize the use of limited resources available for freshwater biodiversity conservation.

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