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21.
Richard Lumu Constantine Bakyusa Katongole Justine Nambi-Kasozi Felix Bareeba Magdalena Presto Emma Ivarsson Jan Erik Lindberg 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(7):1571-1578
This study identified the indigenous criteria used by livestock farmers in urban and peri-urban areas of Kampala to assess the nutritional quality of available feed resources. Focus group discussions and questionnaire interviews (with a total of 120 livestock farming households) were conducted. The findings showed that banana peels, leftover food and own-mixed feeds were the most commonly used feed resources for cattle, pigs and chickens, respectively. Farmers use several indigenous criteria to judge the nutritional quality of the available feed resources. These included perceived effects on disease resistance, feed intake, growth/body condition, hair coat appearance, faecal output, faecal texture and level of production, among others. According to farmers, animals offered with a feed resource of good nutritional quality are more resistant to diseases, ingest much of the feed, gain weight with well-filled bodies, have smooth hair coats, produce large quantities of faeces that are not too firm or watery and exhibit good performance (lactating cows produce more milk, sows produce piglets of good body size, hens lay more eggs of normal size, etc.). Although this indigenous knowledge exists, farmers put more importance on availability and cost as opposed to nutritional quality when choosing feed resources. This explains why banana peels were among the feed resources perceived to be of low nutritional quality but, at the same time, were found to be the most commonly used. Hence, there is a need to sensitise farmers on the importance of nutritional quality in ensuring better and efficient utilisation of the available feed resources. 相似文献
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Christos G. Athanassiou Nickolas G. Kavallieratos Nickolas E. Palyvos Constantine Th. Buchelos 《Phytoparasitica》2003,31(1):39-50
An experiment was conducted to assess the use of a multisurface trap for the capture ofEphestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in a horizontal-type warehouse in southern Greece, filled with approx. 200 tons of wheat.
This type of trap consists of five white rectangular adhesive cardboard strips, suspended vertically from a cruciform apparatus.
Four different types of traps were placed in the warehouse, one at each corner (pheromonebaited multisurface, unbaited multisurface,
pheromone-baited single, and unbaited single trap). Traps were checked at 15-day intervals from July to November 2000. Approx.
85% of the total number of captured adults were recorded by late August. The highest numbers of moths were observed from mid-July
until mid-August. As compared with the unbaited multisurface trap, the baited single and the unbaited single, the baited multisurface
traps caught approximately 4.2, 4.8 and 41.2 times moreE. kuehniella adults, respectively. For all trap types, significantly higher numbers of adults were captured at the lower part of the sticky
surface, as compared with the central and upper parts (P<0.05). A considerable percentage of the moths captured was found at the edges of the trapping surfaces, especially on the
unbaited traps, where the figure exceeded 36%. With the exception of the unbaited single trap, significantly more adults were
recorded at the lower edge of the trap (P<0.001), while the upper edge — as compared with the other edges — captured the fewest adults. Exposure of the trapping surface
to illuminated areas of the warehouse, or location of the trapping surfaces close to walls, had no significant effect on captures.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 16, 2002. 相似文献
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Summary Fast or abnormal (tumor) growth does not substantially affect wood substance and cell wall density. Consequently, void volume of dry cell walls is also not substantially affected. 相似文献
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Peter A. Roussos Dionisios Gasparatos Eleni Tsantili Constantine A. Pontikis 《Scientia Horticulturae》2007
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) explants were cultured in vitro on a basal medium supplemented with sodium chloride up to 169 mM during the proliferation stage. At the second and third month of salinity stress, the mineral nutrition (macro- and micro-elements) of the explants was assessed. Explants accumulated significant amounts of sodium and chloride (jojoba is an ‘includer’) while potassium, manganese, phosphorus and nitrate concentration was reduced. The concentration of the other elements did not exhibit significant changes. Each level of salinity stress affected the nutrient status of the explants distinctively. Jojoba explants tolerate salinity up to a level of sodium chloride concentration (113 mM), without showing any stress symptoms. Above this level, the salinity stress impact was observed as succulence and chlorosis of leaves and shoots. 相似文献
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Selective solvent extracts prepared from 25 species of marine invertebrates collected in the waters of the Pacific Northwest were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. 52 instances of inhibition of microbial growth were observed, including 23 against Staphylococcus aureus, 13 against Escherichia coli, and 8 against each of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The inhibitory activities were obtained from ethanol or ethanol-water crude extracts. Partitioning of the crude extracts with a series of immiscible solvents revealed that the majority of the active components were soluble in ethyl acetate. 相似文献
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Huang YH Grasis JA Miller AT Xu R Soonthornvacharin S Andreotti AH Tsoukas CD Cooke MP Sauer K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5826):886-889
Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-mediated protein recruitment to cellular membranes is of paramount importance for signal transduction. The recruitment of many PH domains is controlled through production and turnover of their membrane ligand, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). We show that phosphorylation of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) into inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP4) establishes another mode of PH domain regulation through a soluble ligand. At physiological concentrations, IP4 promoted PH domain binding to PIP3. In primary mouse CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, this was required for full activation of the protein tyrosine kinase Itk after T cell receptor engagement. Our data suggest that IP4 establishes a feedback loop of phospholipase C-gamma1 activation through Itk that is essential for T cell development. 相似文献
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Christos?G.?Athanassiou Nickolas?G.?KavallieratosEmail author Venedikti?S.?Ragkou Constantine?Th.?Buchelos 《Phytoparasitica》2003,31(1):8-18
Field studies were conducted to assess the population and the spatial dynamics of the predatory bugMacrolophus costalis Fieber (Hemiptera: Miridae) and of its prey, the aphidMyzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea), on tobacco. From an untreated tobacco field in Tithorea (central Greece), tobacco leaves
were collected from the upper and the lower half of the plants from June until September, in 1999 and 2000. The numbers ofM. costalis andM. persicae individuals per leaf were counted. Most aphids were observed during July and August (early and mid season), with densities
dropping markedly in September. In contrast,M. costalis population densities increased late in the season (September). Significantly higher numbers of aphids were found on the upper
half of the plants than on the lower half. In contrast, significantly moreM. costalis individuals were observed on the lower half. Iwao’s Regression Analysis was used in order to characterize the spatial pattern
of the two species. According to this model, in both sampling seasons, aphids andM. costalis nymphs displayed an aggregated spatial pattern, whileM. costalis adults were found to be randomly distributed among sampling units. Although moreM. costalis individuals were recorded on leaves with relatively high aphid densities, this species did not react numerically to changes
in prey density. In addition, a significant number of bugs were found on leaves with low aphid densities or no aphids at all.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 18, 2002. 相似文献
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Njiru ZK Constantine CC Ndung'u JM Robertson I Okaye S Thompson RC Reid SA 《Veterinary parasitology》2004,124(3-4):187-199
Camel trypanosomosis (Surra) causes high morbidity and is an impediment to the camel husbandry in Kenya. The lack of a sensitive diagnostic test has hindered the collection of accurate epidemiological data and institution of control programmes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts of Kenya to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) and to compare four diagnostic tests: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi), microhaematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and mouse inoculation (MI). A total of 549 camels were randomly sampled. The overall prevalence of Surra was 5.3% using MHCT, 26.6% using PCR and 45.9% using CATT/T.evansi. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between PCR and CATT/T.evansi test, MHCT and MI in detection of T. evansi. The prevalence of T. evansi was 39.8% in Samburu, 24.7% in Nanyuki and 14.4% in Isiolo districts using PCR. A male camel was 2.6 times more likely to be infected with T. evansi compared to a female camel (OR = 3.0% CI: 1.6, 4.1), while an adult camel was 2.2 times more likely to be infected compared to non-adults (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.2, 5.0). There was a poor association between the presence of the published clinical signs and seropositivity (kappa = 0.12), PCR (kappa = 0.11) and MHCT (kappa = 0.05). However, there was a higher agreement between farmers' classification of disease with the PCR test (kappa = 0.5, n = 61). The mean PCV varied with age, presence of infection, locality and gender, with the lowest mean PCV being recorded in MHCT-positive animals (20.97 +/- 0.5) and from infected calves (19.5 +/- 1.2). This study shows that PCR was more sensitive in detecting T. evansi than other tests used. Further, the prevalence of T. evansi in the camel herds sampled is higher than that previously reported in Kenya, and that the judgment by camel keepers may be a reliable "pen-side" diagnostic test for Surra. Considering the low sensitivity of parasitological techniques in detection of chronic T. evansi infection and high cost of PCR, development of a sensitive pen side diagnostic test, with a low cost is still a priority. 相似文献