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2. The rate of lay observed with a Step‐Up treatment which gave increases in photoperiod from 8L:16D at 18 weeks to 15L:9D at 27 weeks of age was not significantly different from that of treatments which held the birds on 11L:13D during peak egg production but gave increments up to 15L:9D later in the laying year.
3. A control group maintained on 11L:13D from 20 to 72 weeks laid 295 eggs per bird housed and a further group held on 8L:16D from 0 to 72 weeks laid 284 eggs per bird. These yields were lower than the Step‐Up treatment (299 eggs) but show the potential of modern hybrid stocks to lay prolifically even without light stimulation.
4. It is concluded that the stocks tested in this experiment showed no advantage when given lighting programmes in the first laying year which were designed to minimise the adverse effects of photorefractoriness. 相似文献
2. The dietary treatments had no significant effect upon food intake, egg output, shell thickness, shell deformation or specific gravity of the eggs.
3. The 28‐h cycle reduced mean rate of lay by 4.5%, increased egg weight by 5.8% and increased shell thickness by 9.4%. The proportion of eggs with shell faults revealed on candling was reduced from 4.1 % to 2.8%.
4. It is concluded from this and other sources that decreasing dietary phosphorus or modifying vitamin D supplements may sometimes lead to increases in shell thickness of the order of 1 to 2%, but that these changes are unlikely to result in a measurable reduction in the proportion of cracked eggs late in the laying year.
5. A 28‐h light‐dark cycle results in a longer and more uniform interval between consecutive ovipositions and thus gives reliable increases in shell thickness which are large enough to reduce the proportion of cracked eggs in many practical situations. Whether it is profitable to use an ahemeral cycle will depend upon the relative prices paid for eggs of different sizes. 相似文献
2. Each experiment involved a total of 3 888 laying pullets. Nine diets, with crude protein contents ranging from 87 to 212 g/kg, were used in the first experiment and ten diets, with protein contents ranging from 81 to 215 g/kg, in the second experiment. Diets were denned in terms of their calculated contents of essential amino acids and the same, well‐balanced amino acid profile was used at all protein contents within one experiment. Supplementary experiments were conducted to identify the limiting amino acid (s) in the experimental diets.
3. Treatments were applied for ten weeks, starting at 30 or 32 weeks of age. Average egg output on the highest protein diets was 57.0 g/bird d in the first experiment, which used White Leghorn pullets, and 53.7 g/bird d in the second experiment, which used a crossbred brown‐egg stock.
4. The response curves obtained showed diminishing returns and, in the second experiment, a clear plateau was reached. The Reading model was fitted and compared with a two‐straight‐line model and with curves derived from quadratic and inverse polynomial equations. Only the Reading model proved satisfactory for the interpretation of the data, as judged by goodness of fit and estimation of the optimum amino acid input. Although alternative models may provide a good fit when dealing with a single set of data, none of the alternatives is consistently satisfactory when considering the results of more than one experiment. 相似文献
2. Diets prepared by serial dilution of a concentrated protein mixture, well‐balanced with respect to all essential amino acids, were fed in three experiments, while in a fourth experiment, a lysine‐deficient protein mixture was used.
3. Response curves relating body‐weight gain to increasing concentrations of protein and of lysine intake are presented.
4. A table is presented from which optimum protein intakes can be calculated according to changes in input and output costs and changes in growth potential of the chickens. 相似文献
First European Symposium on Poultry Welfare. Edited by L. Yding S0RENSEN. Published by the Danish Branch of World's Poultry Science Association. 1981. 238pp. D.Kr.90. ISBN 87–88162–00–1. 相似文献
2. A tryptophan‐limiting protein mixture was used and by dilution seven dietary protein contents were produced, supplying from 0.84 to 1–92 g tryptophan/kg diet. The diet of lowest protein content was also sup‐lemented with free tryptophan. These diets were fed in experiments using 24 groups of 72 pullets at 63 to 73 weeks and 45 groups of 21 hens at 97 to 106 weeks.
3. The relationship between egg output and tryptophan intake was the same in moulted hens as in young pullets, but pullets of 63 to 73 weeks of age yielded a different response curve; more tryptophan being needed for a given egg output.
4. It is concluded that tryptophan required, per day, does not decrease during the first laying year, despite a decrease in rate of egg output. 相似文献
2. An hypothesis put forward to account for these effects states that Effective Photoperiod equals p + c – b, where p = actual photoperiod, c = cycle length and b = the period of the endogenous biological clock.
3. Two experiments designed to test this hypothesis have yielded results which are consistent with it.
4. A poultryman who uses an ahemeral cycle to alter egg weight or shell thickness and then wishes to transfer his flock back to a 24‐h cycle should calculate the difference between the two cycle lengths and then add this quantity to the prevailing photoperiod to find the appropriate amount of light to be used in the 24‐h cycle. 相似文献