Evaluation of 65% permethrin spot-on for prevention of canine visceral leishmaniasis: effect on disease prevalence and the vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a hyperendemic area     

Giffoni JH  de Almeida CE  dos Santos SO  Ortega VS  de Barros AT 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2002,3(4):485-492

A study was designed to examine the effect of 65% permethrin spot-on on the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis and the abundance of sand flies in two neighborhoods in Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil known to have a high prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis. An enrollment survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis. Area residents were provided with information about the project; the study area was defined, and all dogs (160 in Cristo Redentor and 230 in Popular Velha) identified in the study area were enrolled. Three 65% permethrin spot-on treatments (June 15-25, July 13-15, and August 10-12) were administered to 150, 110, and 99 dogs, respectively, in Popular Velha, according to label recommendations. Dogs in Cristo Redentor were untreated controls. Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed periodically by indirect immunofluorescence assay. A reduction in canine visceral leishmaniasis prevalence was observed at the Popular Velha site. The infection rate for treated dogs 1 month following the final treatment was approximately 50% reduced from that observed before treatment(19.3% vs 9.6%). Conversely, the infection rate at the control site was more than 80% higher at the September sampling than that observed pretreatment (4.1% vs 7.4%). Similar numbers of sand flies were captured and identified from both sites throughout the study. The results suggest that regular use of 65% permethrin during months of high risk for canine visceral leishmaniasis can be a useful strategy for reducing the prevalence of this disease in hyperendemic areas. It should be stressed, however, that the success of this strategy depends not only on the efficacy of the product itself but also on the adoption of other control measures and on economic variables, considering the low purchasing power of the populations living in higher-risk neighborhoods.  相似文献   

Differential serological testing by simultaneous indirect immunofluorescent antibody test in canine leishmaniosis and ehrlichiosis     

Guillén Llera JL  López García ML  Martín Reinoso E  De Vivar González R 《Veterinary parasitology》2002,109(3-4):185-190

A mixed indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), based on cultured promastigotes Leishmania infantum and formol-inactivated suspension of cells infected with the bacteria Ehrlichia canis, was applied to make a differential diagnosis between canine ehrlichiosis and leishmaniosis. A titre greater than 80 was considered positive for antibodies to E. canis and suggestive of antibodies to L. infantum. Positive sera were titrated subsequently by serial dilutions to confirm antibodies positive to Leishmania and establishing the antibody titre of both pathogens. Fluorescence was absent with negative control sera and background staining was minimal. No serological cross-reactions between positive sera for L. infantum or E. canis were detected. Results obtained by mixed IFAT did not differ when the same serum IFAT standard was compared. The test showed equivalent sensitivity (100%). The specifities were 100% for L. infantum and 98.5% for E. canis. The equivalence in sensitivity was confirmed by calculating the correlation coefficient between IFAT standards and mixed IFAT (r>or=0.99 for both pathogens). The results of our investigations demonstrated that mixed IFAT is a specific means of establishing serological differential diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis and ehrlichiosis.  相似文献   

Evaluation of metabolic detoxifying enzyme activities and insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis     

Maymó AC  Cervera A  Sarabia R  Martínez-Pardo R  Garcerá MD 《Pest management science》2002,58(9):928-934

The western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a very significant pest of a number of different agricultural crops in the south-east of Spain. The importance of thrips as a pest is not due mainly to the direct damage inflicted on the plant, but to the loss in commercial value which occurs as a consequence of the development of dark spots caused by the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) which they transmit. The economic threshold is therefore almost zero, which enhances the problems of resistance management. The present work is part of a global project that attempts to evaluate the status of insecticide resistance in field populations of thrips obtained from several agricultural crops. We have studied, in either individual or pooled insects, some enzyme systems classically related to detoxification of insecticides: esterase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The activity of these enzymes from laboratory populations selected with various classes of insecticides has also been measured using several appropriate substrates. An increase in GST mean activity was found in two field-collected strains. Differences in frequency distributions of esterase and GST activities were found for both field-collected strains and for a laboratory strain selected with acrinathrin. These activities were compared with those of a wild-type reference strain.  相似文献   

Assessment of relevant factors and relationships concerning human dermal exposure to pesticides in greenhouse applications     

Martínez Vidal JL  Egea González FJ  Garrido Frenich A  Martínez Galera M  Aguilera PA  López Carrique E 《Pest management science》2002,58(8):784-790

Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the gas chromatographic data obtained from 23 different greenhouse trials. This was used to establish which factors, including application technique (very small, small, medium and large drop-size), crop characteristics (short/tall, thin/dense) and pattern application of the operator (walking towards or away from the treated area) are relevant to the dermal exposure levels of greenhouse applicators. The results showed that the highest exposure by pesticides during field applications in greenhouses, in the climatic conditions and in the crop conditions typical of a southern European country, occurs on the lower legs and front thighs of the applicators. Similar results were obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Drop-size seems to be very important in determining total exposure, while height and density of crops have little influence on total exposure under the conditions of the present study. No pesticide type is a major factor in total exposure. The application of multiple regression analysis (MRA) allowed assessment of the relationships between the pesticide exposure of the less affected parts of the body with the most affected parts.  相似文献   

Cytotoxicity in pig hepatocytes induced by 8-quinolinol, chloramine-T and natamycin     

Martínez-Larrañaga MR  Anadón A  Fernandez-Cruz ML  Díaz MJ  Martinez MA  Frejo MT  Martínez M  Tafur M 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2000,23(1):37-44

The potential cytotoxic effects of the compounds 8-quinolinol, chloramine-T and natamycin have been studied in isolated pig hepatocytes. The relative cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated on the basis of the leakage of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 3-(4,5 dimethyl)thiazol-2-yl,-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction by mitochondrial dehydrogenases, uptake of neutral red (NR) by cytosolic lysosomes, glutathion (GSH) depletion and oxidized glutathion (GSSG) efflux after 24 h exposure. Evaluation of the 20%, 50% and 80% reduced absorbance data obtained from the parameters NR20, NR50, and NR80, and MTT20, MTT50 and MTT80 enabled us to rank these compounds in decreasing order of cytotoxicity: 8-quinolinol > natamycin > chloramine-T. Also for the parameters LDH and GSH, chloramine-T appears to be less cytotoxic than natamycin and 8-quinolinol. Our study demonstrated that pig hepatocytes may be a useful model for examining cytotoxic events of drugs to be used in pigs, therefore avoiding possible extrapolation problems due to species differences.  相似文献   

Antibacterial susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas strains isolated from chronic canine otitis externa     

Martín Barrasa JL  Lupiola Gómez P  González Lama Z  Tejedor Junco MT 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2000,47(3):191-196

Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a problem of great concern. It is important to establish the convenience of antimicrobial susceptibility tests in animal infections. The aim of this study was to test the susceptibility to antibiotics of Pseudomonas strains isolated from chronic canine otitis externa. We tested 23 strains of Pseudomonas: 19 Ps. aeruginosa, three Ps. fluorescens and one Pseudomonas spp. The most effective antibiotics were tobramycin (100% susceptible), marbofloxacin (91.3%) and ceftazidime (91.3%). Ticarcillin and gentamicin, commonly used for the treatment of otitis externa also showed good results (susceptibility of strains was 86 and 65.2% respectively). Lower susceptibility was found using enrofloxacin (52.1%) probably due to its indiscriminate use. We emphasize the need for a rational policy of antibiotic prescribing in order to prevent the selection of resistant strains.  相似文献   

Use of whole blood for spectrophotometric determination of cholinesterase activity in dogs     

Tecles F  Martínez Subiela S  Bernal LJ  Cerón JJ 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2000,160(3):242-249

Whole blood has been compared with erythrocytes and plasma for spectrophotometric cholinesterase determination in the dog. Cholinesterase activity was characterized using two substrates: acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine. Acetylcholinesterase was the only form of cholinesterase present on erythrocytes and hydrolysed only acetylthiocholine. Butyrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) was predominant in plasma, hydrolysing mainly butyrylthiocholine. Based on these results, a method based on the use of two substrates (acetylthiocholine for monitoring acetylcholinesterase and butyrylthiocholine for determining butyrylcholinesterase) in the same whole blood sample is recommended for canine cholinesterase analysis. This way of monitoring both enzymes can be easily automated, yielding good within (CVs < 5%) and between-run (CVs < 7%) precision.  相似文献   

Other Index     

Sergio Ovruski  Martín Aluja  John Sivinski  Robert Wharton 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(4):311-313

Other Index

Other Index  相似文献   

Post-thaw viability of european bison (Bison bonasus) semen frozen with extenders containing egg yolk or lipids of plant origin and examined with a heterologous in vitro fertilization assay.     

S S Pérez-Garnelo  M Oter  C Borque  C Talavera  M Delclaux  E Martínez-Nevado  A T Palasz  J De la Fuente 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2006,37(2):116-125

Basic characteristics of European bison (Bison bonasus) semen were described and the efficacies of two extenders-Triladyl, containing egg yolk, and a synthetic extender, containing soybean lipids-were tested for semen cryopreservation. Seven ejaculates were collected by electroejaculation from a 10-yr-old, European bison bull. Each ejaculate was diluted at 37 degrees C to a final concentration of 200 x 10(6) sperm/ml with Triladyl or the synthetic extender. Extended semen samples were frozen according to a standard bull semen freezing protocol. After 2 wk of storage, one straw from each extender and ejaculate was thawed, and postthaw quality was evaluated by individual sperm motility and movement rate, numbers of sperm morphologic abnormalities and intact acrosomes, functional integrity of the sperm membranes determined by hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), viability (live-dead, eosin-nigrosin stain), and a heterologous in vitro sperm penetration assay (SPA). A total of 600 in vitro-matured bovine oocytes were inseminated with 1 X 10(6) spermatozoa of Holstein semen frozen-thawed in Triladyl (control) or of European bison semen frozen in Triladyl or the synthetic extender. Nuclear status of the oocytes was determined after 18 h of sperm-oocyte coincubation. Extender had no effect on any evaluated parameters of semen after dilution and cooling (4 hr at 5 degrees C) or in postthaw individual motility, quality of movement, and sperm morphology. However, significantly (P < 0.05) higher numbers of spermatozoa with intact acrosomes, intact membranes (HOST), and viable sperm (P < 0.01) were in semen frozen in Triladyl than in the synthetic extender. Mean values for heterologous SPA for bull (control) and for bison semen frozen in the synthetic extender were very much alike-63.3+/-10.6% and 63.1 +/- 15.9%, respectively; bison semen frozen in Triladyl was lower, 43.0+/-24.2% but not significantly different. Cumulative results from a variety of viability assays of diluted/cooled and frozen-thawed semen, including the heterologous SPA, suggest that European bison semen can be successfully frozen in both extenders tested in this study.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the status of capsicum viruses in the main growing regions of Turkey   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

N. Buzkan  M. Demir  V. Öztekin  C. Mart  B. K. Ça&#;lar  M. A. Yilmaz 《EPPO Bulletin》2006,36(1):15-19

The incidence, severity and distribution of six viruses infecting capsicum were determined in the main growing areas of Turkey during the 2004 growing season. The surveys covered 50 randomly selected capsicum fields from four different areas in south-east Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean region. 515 samples were individually collected and tested by DAS-ELISA for Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), Potato X potexvirus (PVX), Potato Y potyvirus (PVY), Pepper mild mottle tobamovirus (PMMoV) and Tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV). 64.8% of ELISA-tested capsicum samples (334 out of 515) were infected by one (41.7%) or more (23.1%) viruses. PVY was the most widespread (26.4%), followed by PVX (25.8%), AMV (25.2%), TEV (23%), PMMoV (9.1%) and CMV (8.3%). Surprisingly high AMV infection was found in three areas (Kahramanmaraş, Şanlıurfa and Gaziantep) where AMV is reported for the first time in this study. However, AMV was not detected in Hatay. PMMoV is another new virus, in all the tested areas.  相似文献