Equine Piroplasmosis     

L. Nicki Wise  Angela M. Pelzel-McCluskey  Robert H. Mealey  Donald P. Knowles 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》2014

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Chiari‐Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in American Brussels Griffon Dogs     

A.C. Freeman  S.R. Platt  M. Kent  E. Huguet  C. Rusbridge  S. Holmes 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1551-1559

Background

Although Chiari‐like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) have been described in many small breed dogs, the prevalence and clinical manifestations of this complex have not been documented in a large cohort of American Brussels Griffon (ABG) dogs.

Objectives

To characterize the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of CM and SM in the ABG breed.

Animals

Eighty‐four American Kennel Club registered ABG dogs were recruited.

Methods

Prospective study. Complete histories and neurologic examinations were obtained before MRI. Images were blindly reviewed and calculations were made by using OsiriX. All analyses were performed by Student''s t‐test, Spearman''s correlation, ANOVA, and chi‐square test where appropriate.

Results

Chiari‐like malformation and SM were present in 65% and 52% of dogs, respectively. Twenty‐eight percent of dogs had neurologic deficits and 20% had neck pain. Mean central canal (CC) transverse height was 2.5 mm with a mean length of 3.6 cervical vertebrae. Neurologic deficits were significantly associated with a larger syrinx (P = .04, P = .08) and syrinx size increased with age (P = .027). SM was associated with a smaller craniocervical junction (CCJ) height (P = .04) and larger ventricles (P = .0001; P < .001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Syringomyelia and CM are prevalent in American Brussels Griffon dogs. Syrinx size is associated with neurologic deficits, CM, larger ventricles, a smaller craniocervical junction height, neurologic deficits, and cerebellar herniation. Fifty‐two percent of dogs with a SM were clinically normal.  相似文献   

A Randomized Study Assessing the Effect of Diet in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy     

L.M. Freeman  J.E. Rush  S.M. Cunningham  B.J. Bulmer 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(3):847-856

Background

Diet might influence progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

Objective

To investigate whether diet composition could alter clinical, biochemical, or echocardiographic variables in cats with HCM.

Animals

Twenty‐nine cats with HCM (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council stage 1b) examined at a university teaching hospital.

Methods

Randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. After physical examination, echocardiogram, and blood collection, cats were randomized to 1 of 3 diets, which varied in carbohydrate and fat content and ingredients. Measurements were repeated after 6 months.

Results

There were no significant differences among the 3 groups at baseline. After 6 months, there were no significant changes in the primary endpoints, left ventricular free wall (Group A, P = .760; Group B, P = .475; Group C, P = .066) or interventricular septal thickness in diastole (Group A, P = .528; Group B, P = .221; Group C, P = .097). Group A had significant increases in BUN (P = .008) and cholesterol (P = .021), while Group B had significant increases in BUN (P = .008), cholesterol (P = .007), and triglycerides (P = .005), and significant decreases in NT‐proBNP (P = .013) and hs‐troponin I (P = .043). Group C had significant decreases in body weight (P = .021), left atrial dimension (P = .035), interventricular septal thickness in systole (P = .038), and liver enzymes (P = .034–.038).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These data suggest that diet might influence some clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic variables in cats with HCM.  相似文献   

Use of the Visual Range of Detection to Estimate Effective Sweep Width for Land Search and Rescue Based On 10 Detection Experiments in North America     

Robert J. Koester  Kenneth B. Chiacchia  Charles R. Twardy  Donald C. Cooper  John R. Frost  R. Quincy Robe 《The Forestry Chronicle》2014,25(2):132-142

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Glycerol Tolerance of IHHN Virus of Penaeid Shrimp   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Donald V.  Lightner  Leone L.  Mohney  Rodney R.  Williams Rita M.  Redman 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1987,18(3):196-197

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A hyperparasitic microsporidian infecting the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis: an rDNA-based molecular phylogenetic study     

Freeman MA  Bell AS  Sommerville C 《Journal of fish diseases》2003,26(11-12):667-676

The sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is an obligate ectoparasitic copepod that lives on the external surface of salmonid fish. It is the most common ectoparasite of marine cage-reared salmonids, causing major economic loss to the aquaculture industry. During a sea louse monitoring programme, samples of L. salmonis were found to harbour an unreported microsporidian parasite. The microsporidian was observed in pre-adult and adult stages of both male and female copepods, with a prevalence of up to 5%. Unfixed spores were slightly pyriform in shape measuring 2.34 microm by 1.83 microm (+/- 0.01 microm) and were not observed to be enclosed by a sporophorous vesicle. The microsporidian infection was observed in all areas of the copepods' body, xenoma-like cysts forming directly under the cuticle in the epidermal tissue layer. In the present study, rDNA (530f-580r) sequence data gathered from the unidentified microsporidian parasite isolated from infected sea lice were compared with equivalents available in the databases in an attempt to identify its systematic position. The microsporidian was found to group within the phylogenetic clade containing the family Enterocytozoonidae, being most similar to members of the intranuclear genus Nucleospora. This is the first report of a hyperparasitic microsporidian infecting a caligid copepod.  相似文献   

Biophysical dynamics of western transition zones: a preliminary synthesis     

Donald B. Olson 《Fisheries Oceanography》2001,10(2):133-150

The nature of the western portions of the biogeographic temperate or transition zones in the North Pacific and North Atlantic is reviewed. The physical transport of nutrients and biomass into them from the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream as well as from the poleward sides are estimated. The conclusion is that the upwelling in the two western boundary currents makes the largest contribution to the nutrient and biomass fluxes into these transition zones. A conservative estimate of the amount of upwelled fluid is derived from absolute velocity sections in the Gulf Stream. The estimate suggests that upwelling into the euphotic zone exceeds 2 × 10⁶ m³ s^–1. This implies that upwelling in these western boundary currents matches or exceeds that in eastern boundary currents such as the California Current. The two western boundary regimes have very different poleward situations. The Oyashio extension flows parallel to the Kuroshio and is a deep current. The North Atlantic Shelf Front flow is to the west where it is ultimately entrained into the edge of the Gulf Stream. There does not seem to be any tendency for this to occur in the Kuroshio. Despite these differences in the northern and western boundaries, the two transition zones are similar with large amplitude meanders, anticyclonic rings and streamers dominating their physical structure. The physical features responsible for the transfer of materials from the boundary current extensions into the transition zones are similar in both systems. Ring formation contributes only ? 10% of the transfer, while ring‐induced streamers contribute 30%. The rest of the transport is contributed by branching of the boundary current front. Both currents have well developed secondary fronts consisting of subtropical surface water pulled into the transition zone. Biologically, the upwelling in both western boundary currents leads to a biomass maximum along the boundary in both secondary producers (copepods) and in small pelagic fish. In the Kuroshio, the latter are the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus, that spawn in the Kuroshio and then enter the transition zone for the summer and fall months. In the Gulf Stream, the dominate species are menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus and B. smithi. These species make use of the coastal environments of North America and although the adults spawn in the Gulf Stream, they are not thought to play a major role in the Slope Water, transition zone. The similar differences in the use of the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream ecosystems occurs in the behaviour of bluefin tuna, squid and other large pelagics. The Gulf Stream system also lacks an equivalent to Pacific saury, Cololabis saira. The biology therefore is at least subtly different, with saury and sardines being replaced by mid‐water fish in the North Atlantic. A fuller comparison of the biology with quantitative methods in both systems should be encouraged.  相似文献   

The impact of land-claim on macrobenthos,fish and shorebirds on the forth estuary,eastern Scotland     

Donald S. McLusky  David M. Bryant  Michael Elliott 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》1992,2(3):211-222

1. The impact of land-claim on the intertidal areas of the Forth estuary, eastern Scotland is described. It is shown that in recent times almost 50% of the intertidal area has been destroyed for a variety of purposes, including agriculture, harbours and industrial development. 2. The loss of infaunal invertebrate biomass and production from the intertidal habitat has been calculated for each part of the estuary, and by summation for the whole estuary. The loss is discussed in relation to the total biomass and production, both intertidally and subtidally, of the estuary. It is shown that proportionately more biomass and production may have been lost than area. 3. The impact of land-claim on estuarine fish is calculated. Land-claim has removed 24% of the natural fish habitats in the Forth estuary, and thereby removed 40% of their food supply. 4. The impact of habitat loss on birds was observed for one area where observations continued throughout a period of land-claim. For individual bird species at Torry Bay, land-claim had consequences ranging from neutral to substantially negative. Significant declines were found for overwintering populations of dunlin and bar-tailed godwit. Comparisons of pre- and post-land-claim bird feeding usage of this area, showed that the impact of land-claim on local bird populations differed between species. The large scale loss of habitat on the Forth seems likely to have reduced the size of some shorebird populations which overwinter on the estuary. 5. It is concluded that when considering the impact of land-claim on estuaries that, as found in some previous studies, a simple consideration of area lost may be inadequate to describe the effects of land-claim, and the consequences for animals living within the estuary may differ considerably amongst themselves and from area to area.  相似文献   

Biosecurity in Shrimp Farming: Pathogen Exclusion through Use of SPF Stock and Routine Surveillance   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Donald V.  Lightner 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2005,36(3):229-248

Biosecurity, as it is being applied to shrimp aquaculture, may be defined as the practice of exclusion of specific pathogens from cultured aquatic stocks in brood stock facilities, hatcheries, and farms, or from entire regions or countries for the purpose of disease prevention. To make a biosecurity program a functional concept in shrimp aquaculture, the relevant risks should be identified and the appropriate biosecurity measures put into practice to mitigate those risks. Examples of biosecurity measures put into place for this purpose may include such basics as site selection when the intent is to locate a new shrimp culture facility in an area where certain diseases are not enzootic. Standard facilitylfarm operating procedures can be adapted to minimize the risks of disease introduction and spread within a facility through such concepts as pretreatment of all source water, and reduced or “zero” water exchange. Stocking shrimp culture facilities with domesticated shrimp stocks that are free of specific diseases (“Specific Pathogen Free” or SPF) and or with stocks resistant to specific disease agents (SPR) is perhaps the most important single component of a biosecurity program. The example set by the development of domesticated SPF stocks of Litopenaeus vannamei has helped to make biosecure shrimp culture feasible. The development of these and other SPF stocks, and the diagnostic methods to develop and monitor them for specific diseases and disease causing agents, have been milestones in the development of the international shrimp farming industry in recent years, and it has contributed to the species rivaliig Penaeus monodon as the dominant farmed shrimp species. The regular monitoring (surveillance) of shrimp stocks in biosecure culture facilities is a necessary component of a biosecurity plan, as is having in place a contingency plan for disease containment and eradication should a breach occur in the physical and managerial components of a biosecure facility and a targeted disease occur.  相似文献   

Establishment and early productivity of perennial biomass alley cropping systems in Minnesota,USA     

Joshua D. Gamble  Gregg Johnson  Craig C. Sheaffer  Dean A. Current  Donald L. Wyse 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(1):75-85

In May 2010, alley cropping systems consisting of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link), an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth and Dewey) mixture, and a native tallgrass-forb-legume polyculture, planted between multi-row strips of poplar hybrid ‘NM6’ (Populus maximowiczii x P. nigra) and willow cultivar ‘Fish Creek’ (Salix purpurea) were established at Empire and Granada, Minnesota, USA. Crop establishment and productivity were characterized for each species over two growing seasons and at two distances from the tree-crop interface. Prairie cordgrass and the native polyculture were among the most productive herbaceous crops at both sites, averaging between 7.1 and 11.9 Mg DM ha^?1, and have shown no evidence of competition for resources along the tree-crop interface thus far. Basal area (BA) was similar at Empire for NM6 (1,744 mm² tree^?1) and Fish Creek (1,609 mm² tree^?1), but was greater for NM6 (1,045 mm² tree^?1) than Fish Creek (770 mm² tree^?1) at Granada. Despite this, stand basal area (SBA) was greater for Fish Creek at both sites due to greater planting density. Across species, BA and SBA were greater for trees along the alley than those in center rows at Empire, whereas no difference was observed at Granada. Results suggest that alley cropping provides suitable conditions for establishment of short-rotation woody and certain herbaceous biomass crops, and that some of these crops may be well suited to the alley cropping environment. However, continued research is needed to evaluate crop persistence and productivity as crops and trees mature and the potential for interspecies competition increases.  相似文献