Mandatory continuing veterinary education requirements in the United States and Canada     

Moore DA  Klingborg DJ  Wright T 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2003,30(1):19-27

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Genetic diversity and pathogenic variability among isolates of colletotrichum species from strawberry     

Denoyes-Rothan B  Guérin G  Délye C  Smith B  Minz D  Maymon M  Freeman S 《Phytopathology》2003,93(2):219-228

ABSTRACT Ninety-five isolates of Colletotrichum including 81 isolates of C. acutatum (62 from strawberry) and 14 isolates of C. gloeosporioides (13 from strawberry) were characterized by various molecular methods and pathogenicity tests. Results based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymorphism and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 sequence data provided clear genetic evidence of two subgroups in C. acutatum. The first subgroup, characterized as CA-clonal, included only isolates from strawberry and exhibited identical RAPD patterns and nearly identical ITS2 sequence analysis. A larger genetic group, CA-variable, included isolates from various hosts and exhibited variable RAPD patterns and divergent ITS2 sequence analysis. Within the C. acutatum population isolated from strawberry, the CA-clonal group is prevalent in Europe (54 isolates of 62). A subset of European C. acutatum isolates isolated from strawberry and representing the CA-clonal and CA-variable groups was assigned to two pathogenicity groups. No correlation could be drawn between genetic and pathogenicity groups. On the basis of molecular data, it is proposed that the CA-clonal subgroup contains closely related, highly virulent C. acutatum isolates that may have developed host specialization to strawberry. C. gloeosporioides isolates from Europe, which were rarely observed were either slightly or nonpathogenic on strawberry. The absence of correlation between genetic polymorphism and geographical origin in Colletotrichum spp. suggests a worldwide dissemination of isolates, probably through international plant exchanges.  相似文献   

Characterization of colletotrichum isolates from tamarillo, passiflora, and mango in Colombia and identification of a unique species from the genus     

Afanador-Kafuri L  Minz D  Maymon M  Freeman S 《Phytopathology》2003,93(5):579-587

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to identify the species of Colletotrichum infecting tamarillo, mango, and passiflora in Colombia and to assess whether cross-infection between host species is occurring. Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from tamarillo (n = 54), passiflora (n = 26), and mango (n = 15) were characterized by various molecular methods and by morphological criteria. Morphological characterization grouped the tamarillo isolates as C. acutatum and the passiflora and mango isolates as C. gloeosporioides. Species-specific primer analysis was reliable and confirmed grouping of the tamarillo isolates (besides Tom-6) as C. acutatum and the mango isolates (besides Man-76) as C. gloeosporioides. However, DNA of the passiflora isolates was not amplified by either C. acutatum- or C. gloeosporioides-specific primers, but reacted with a new primer, Col1, designed according to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 region of these isolates. Isolates Tom-6 and Man-76 also reacted positively with the Col1 primer. All the isolates reacting with the C. acutatum- and C. gloeosporioides-specific primers failed to react with primer Col1. Isolate Pass-35 from passiflora did not react with any of the taxon-specific primers. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), random amplified polymerase DNA (RAPD)-PCR, and A+T-rich DNA analyses delineated representative isolates into subgroups within the designated species. Molecular analyses indicated that the C. acutatum tamarillo isolates were uniform or clonal, whereas the C. gloeosporioides mango isolates and Colletotrichum passiflora isolates were heterogeneous. Likewise, sequence analysis of the complete ITS (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region identified certain isolates to their respective species: tamarillo isolates as C. acutatum; mango isolates as C. gloeosporioides; passiflora, Tom-6, and Man-76 isolates as a Colletotrichum sp. as yet undefined; and the Pass-35 isolate as an additional undefined Colletot-richum sp. Molecular analyses of the population of Colletotrichum isolates from passiflora, Tom-6 from tamarillo, and Man-76 from mango indicate that this population may not be host specific.  相似文献   

Early growth and environmental implications of dietary zinc and copper concentrations and sources of broiler chicks   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Dozier WA  Davis AJ  Freeman ME  Ward TL 《British poultry science》2003,44(5):726-731

1. Environmental accumulation of zinc and copper is becoming a concern in areas having intensive animal production. This study examined performance and excretion of broiler chicks given diets supplemented with graded concentrations of zinc and copper from three different sources. 2. Two experiments were conducted, each utilising 570 1-d-old chicks. In Experiment 1, chicks were given diets containing supplemental zinc concentrations from 40 to 120 mg/kg supplied as zinc sulphate, a zinc amino acid complex (Availa Zn), or a combination of zinc sulphate and Availa Zn with each contributing one-half of the total supplemental zinc. In Experiment 2, broiler chicks were given diets with graded concentrations of supplemental copper ranging from 4 to 12 mg/kg from copper sulphate, a copper amino acid complex (Availa Cu), or a combination of copper sulphate and Availa Cu with each contributing one-half of the total supplemental copper. 3. During the 17-d experimental period, mineral concentration or source did not influence body weight, feed conversion, or the incidence of mortality from 1 to 17 d. 4. Decreasing dietary zinc concentration from 120 to 40 mg/kg reduced zinc excretion by 50%. 5. Copper excretion was decreased by 35% as supplemental copper was reduced from 12 to 4 mg/kg. 6. Reducing dietary zinc and copper concentrations can potentially decrease the accumulation of heavy metals in the environment without compromising bird performance.  相似文献   

Methemoglobinemia and eccentrocytosis in equine erythrocyte flavin adenine dinucleotide deficiency     

Harvey JW  Stockham SL  Scott MA  Johnson PJ  Donald JJ  Chandler CJ 《Veterinary pathology》2003,40(6):632-642

This report describes erythrocyte biochemical findings in an adult Spanish mustang mare that exhibited persistent methemoglobinemia, eccentrocytosis, and pyknocytosis that were not related to the consumption or administration of an exogenous oxidant. The methemoglobinemia was attributed to a deficiency in cytochrome-b5 reductase (Cb5R) activity, and the eccentrocytes and pyknocytes were attributed to a marked deficiency in reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent glutathione reductase (GR) activity that resulted in decreased reduced glutathione concentration within erythrocytes. The GR activity increased to a near-normal value after addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to the enzyme assay, indicating a deficiency of FAD in erythrocytes. The methemoglobinemia, eccentrocytosis, and pyknocytosis were attributed to deficiency of FAD in erythrocytes because the GR and Cb5R enzymes use FAD as a cofactor. This deficiency in FAD results from a defect in erythrocyte riboflavin metabolism, which has not been documented previously in animals.  相似文献   

Iron acquisition by Actinobacillus suis: identification and characterization of transferrin receptor proteins and encoding genes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bahrami F  Ekins A  Niven DF 《Veterinary microbiology》2003,94(1):79-92

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Packed red blood cell transfusions in dogs with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: 55 cases (1999-2001)     

Waldrop JE  Rozanski EA  Freeman LM  Rush JE 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2003,39(6):523-527

Fifty-five dogs received packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions for gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage during a 26-month period (1999 to 2001), accounting for 11.7% of the PRBC transfusions in that time. Thirty-nine (61%) dogs had an intestinal pathology (primary or secondary) as the cause of GI hemorrhage, including intestinal masses, gastroenteritis, hepatic disease, and renal disease. Nonsteroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use was found frequently in dogs with GI hemorrhage. Sixteen (39%) dogs were identified as having immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) and associated GI hemorrhage. Dogs with IMT received more transfusions of PRBC than nonIMT dogs (P<0.03) and received a significantly larger total volume of PRBC (P<0.01) during hospitalization.  相似文献   

Characterization of lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid of mares during pregnancy and lactation     

Puppione DL  MacDonald MH 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(6):886-889

OBJECTIVE: To measure apolipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from healthy mares and to determine whether CSF concentrations of apolipoproteins change during pregnancy and lactation. ANIMALS: 5 healthy pregnant mares. PROCEDURE: 2 sets of CSF samples were obtained; initial samples were obtained 10 to 30 days before parturition (mean, 18 days; median, 17 days), and second samples were obtained 19 to 26 days after parturition (mean, 23 days; median, 23 days). Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from the lumbosacral subarachnoid space of standing horses by use of routine collection techniques. Cerebrospinal fluid cholesterol concentrations were measured by use of a sensitive enzymatic assay. Ultracentrifugal fractions of CSF lipoproteins were characterized by determining the distribution of apolipoproteins, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Analyses of isolated ultracentrifugal fractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed 2 apolipoproteins, with the expected molecular weights for apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein A-I. No significant differences were observed between pre- and postpartum values in mares. The concentration of cholesterol in CSF fluid of mares was comparable to values reported in other mammals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Apolipoprotein E in CSF of horses is a major apolipoprotein associated with high-density lipoproteins, which is similar to findings in other mammals. Additional characterization of the role of apolipoproteins in mammalian CSF may provide critical insight into various degenerative neurologic disease processes.  相似文献   

In vitro anion transport alterations and apoptosis induced by phenylbutazone in the right dorsal colon of ponies     

Richter RA  Freeman DE  Wallig M  Whittem T  Baker GJ 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(7):934-941

OBJECTIVES: To study the functional and structural responses of the right dorsal colon (RDC) of ponies to phenylbutazone (PBZ) in vitro at a concentration that could be achieved in vivo. ANIMALS: 8 adult ponies. PROCEDURE: Short circuit current and conductance were measured in mucosa from the RDC. Tissues incubated with and without HCO3- were exposed to PBZ, bumetanide, or indomethacin. Bidirectional Cl- fluxes were determined. After a baseline flux period, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was added to the serosal surfaces and a second flux period followed. Light and transmission electron microscopy were performed. RESULTS: Baseline short circuit current was diminished significantly by PBZ and indomethacin, and increased significantly after addictions of PGE2. After PGE2 was added, Cl- secretion increased significantly in tissues in HCO3- -free solutions and solutions with anti-inflammatory drugs, compared with corresponding baseline measurements and with control tissues exposed to PGE2. Bumetanide did not affect baseline short circuit current and Cl- fluxes. The predominant histologic change was apoptosis of surface epithelial cells treated with PBZ and to a lesser extent in those treated with indomethacin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Prostaglandin-induced Cl- secretion appeared to involve a transporter that might also secrete HCO3-. Both PBZ and indomethacin altered ion transport in RDC and caused apoptosis; PBZ can damage mucosa through a mechanism that could be important in vivo. The clinically harmful effect of PBZ on equine RDC in vivo could be mediated through its effects on Cl- and HCO3- secretion.  相似文献   

More on the pregnant mare urine industry     

Freeman DA 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(12):1778

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