Speciation and solubility of Cu, Ni and Pb in contaminated soils   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

A. M. Tye  S. Young  N. M. J. Crout  H. Zhang  S. Preston  F. J. Zhao  & S. P. McGrath 《European Journal of Soil Science》2004,55(3):579-590

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German chemists     

Donovan AL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,218(4575):879-880

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Organic molecular soft ferromagnetism in a fullerene c60     

Allemand PM  Khemani KC  Koch A  Wudl F  Holczer K  Donovan S  Grüner G  Thompson JD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,253(5017):301-302

The properties of an organic molecular ferromagnet [C(60)TDAE(0.86); TDAE is tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene] with a Curie temperature ;T(c) = 16.1 kelvin are described. The ferromagnetic state shows no remanence, and the temperature dependence of the magnetization below ;T(c) does not follow the behavior expected of a conventional ferromagnet. These results are interpreted as a reflection of a three-dimensional system leading to a soft ferromagnet.  相似文献   

Independently evolved virulence effectors converge onto hubs in a plant immune system network     

Mukhtar MS  Carvunis AR  Dreze M  Epple P  Steinbrenner J  Moore J  Tasan M  Galli M  Hao T  Nishimura MT  Pevzner SJ  Donovan SE  Ghamsari L  Santhanam B  Romero V  Poulin MM  Gebreab F  Gutierrez BJ  Tam S  Monachello D  Boxem M  Harbort CJ  McDonald N  Gai L  Chen H  He Y;European Union Effectoromics Consortium  Vandenhaute J  Roth FP  Hill DE  Ecker JR  Vidal M  Beynon J  Braun P  Dangl JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6042):596-601

Plants generate effective responses to infection by recognizing both conserved and variable pathogen-encoded molecules. Pathogens deploy virulence effector proteins into host cells, where they interact physically with host proteins to modulate defense. We generated an interaction network of plant-pathogen effectors from two pathogens spanning the eukaryote-eubacteria divergence, three classes of Arabidopsis immune system proteins, and ~8000 other Arabidopsis proteins. We noted convergence of effectors onto highly interconnected host proteins and indirect, rather than direct, connections between effectors and plant immune receptors. We demonstrated plant immune system functions for 15 of 17 tested host proteins that interact with effectors from both pathogens. Thus, pathogens from different kingdoms deploy independently evolved virulence proteins that interact with a limited set of highly connected cellular hubs to facilitate their diverse life-cycle strategies.  相似文献   

Crop biomass and humidity related factors reflect the spatial distribution of phytopathogenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> fungi and their mycotoxins in heterogeneous fields and landscapes     

Marina E. H. Müller  Sylvia Koszinski  Donovan E. Bangs  Marc Wehrhan  Andreas Ulrich  Gernot Verch  Alexander Brenning 《Precision Agriculture》2016,17(6):698-720

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a global problem in small-grains agriculture that results in yield losses and, more seriously, produces harmful toxins that enter the food chain. This study builds on previous research identifying within-field humidity as an important factor in infection processes by Fusarium species and its mycotoxin production. Environmental variables describing topographic control of humidity (TWI), soil texture and related moisture by electrical conductivity (ECa), and canopy humidity by density (NDVI) were explored in their relationship to the fungal infection rates, the abundance of trichothecene-producing Fusarium spp. as determined by TRI 6 gene copies and mycotoxin accumulation. Field studies were performed at four field sites in northeastern Germany in 2009 and 2011. In the wet year 2011, a high Fusarium infection rate resulted in a high abundance of trichothecene-producing fungi as well as high concentrations of mycotoxins. Simultaneously, Fusarium spp. inhibited the development of other filamentous fungi. Overall, a very heterogeneous distribution of pathogen infections and mycotoxin concentrations were displayed in each field in each landscape. The NDVI serves as an important predictor of the occurrence of phytopathogenic Fusarium fungi and their mycotoxins in a field and landscape scale. In addition, the ECa reflects the distribution of the most frequently occurring mycotoxin deoxynivalenol within the fields and landscapes. In all cases, TWI was not found to be a significant variable in the models. All in all, the results extend our knowledge about suitable indicators of FHB infection and mycotoxin production within the field.  相似文献