Comparison of lignin and cellulose solubilities in ionic liquids by COSMO-RS analysis and experimental validation     

Ana Casas  Jose PalomarMaria Virginia Alonso  Mercedes OlietSalama Omar  Francisco Rodriguez 《Industrial Crops and Products》2012,37(1):155-163

In this work, the solubilities of lignin and cellulose in ionic liquids (ILs) have been analyzed and compared by COSMO-RS simulation. The excess enthalpy of the IL + lignin/cellulose mixtures is evaluated as reference property to describe the affinity of lignin and cellulose for different ionic liquids, in terms of the intermolecular interactions contributing to their mixing properties. Thus, the anion plays the main role in the dissolution process of both lignin and cellulose, in which the hydrogen bonding forces are the major interactions. The most promising anions for the cellulose and lignin dissolution are acetate, formate and chloride, whereas different cations can be employed. Computational results indicated that a rational combination of the anions and cations allows designing ILs able to dissolve with different selectivity lignin and cellulose. Some of these solutions are tested in the laboratory to validate the model employed and the regenerated solids are analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy.  相似文献   

Simultaneous Extraction and Fractionation of Fish Oil from Tuna By-Product Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2)     

Sahena Ferdosh  Nik Norulaini Nik Ab Rahman  Md. Jahurul Haque Akanda  Kashif Ghafoor  Mohd. Omar Ab Kadir 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(2):230-239

ABSTRACT

Fish oil was extracted and simultaneously collected into six fractions based on molecular weight and the chain length of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents without splitting of the triglycerides, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at optimized conditions of 40 MPa, 65°C, and a flow rate 3 mL min^?1. In each type of fractionation, the first fraction (F1) was rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA; 52.57 to 61.26%), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 22.17 to 23.22%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; (0.54 to 20.37%); the sixth fraction (F6) was rich in PUFA (48.93%), followed by MUFA (33.59%) and SFA (13.61%). It was obvious that short-chain fatty acids were extracted at an earlier fraction; therefore, the latter fractions were dominant in long-chain fatty acids, especially MUFA and PUFA. Thus, omega-3 fish oil (last three fractions) was successfully separated to be used as a value-added health product.  相似文献   

乌鲁木齐地区不同生境土壤捕食性螨类群落结构及其多样性研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

吾玛尔·阿布力孜  阿布都如苏力·吐逊  木卡热木·阿吉木  张卫红 《新疆农业科学》2012,49(9):1748-1758

[目的]研究土壤捕食性螨类群落结构及其多样性特征,为开发利用及保护乌鲁木齐地区农林害虫捕食性天敌资源提供科学依据.[方法]采用塔氏( Tullgren)分离法和群落多样性分析方法对该区不同生境土壤捕食性螨类资源的群落结构、多样性及其季节动态变化进行比较分析.[结果]乌鲁木齐市不同生境土壤农林害虫捕食性螨类3643只,分别隶属于2目21科38属.其中前气门目螨类有5科11属,中气门目螨类有16科27属,其中优势类群为美绥螨属Ameroseius、囊螨属Asca、真长须螨属Eustigmaeus和表刻螨属Epicrius 等四类,占总捕获量的61.57;.常见类群为背刻螨属Epicriopsis、毛绥螨属Lasioseius、吸螨属Bdella、肉食螨属Cheyletus、寄螨属Parasitus、真派盾螨属Euparholaspulus、尾足螨属Uropoda、维螨属Veigaia、厉螨属Hypoaspis、土厉螨Ololaelaps等10类,占总捕获量的30.47;,其余14类为稀有类群,仅占总捕获量的7.96;.在不同生境土壤捕食性螨类个体数和类群数之间差异均为显著(P＜0.05),其中自然榆林最高,菜地最低,个体数顺序为自然榆林＞植物园＞菜地＞防护林＞居民点＞草地.群落类群数及个体数的垂直分布均具有表聚性,不同生境及不同土层间差异均为极显著(P＜0.01),个体数和类群数在不同季节之间差异显著(P＜0.05),其顺序为夏季＞秋季＞冬季＞春季.群落相似性系数在不同生境样地之间基本上属于中等不相似(0.25≤q＜0.50).群落多样性指标在不同生境间差异显著(P＜0.05),其中Shannon - Wiener多样性指数(H)顺序为自然榆林＞植物园＞草地＞菜地＞居民点＞防护林.Margalef丰富度指数(M)顺序为自然榆林＞草地＞植物园＞防护林＞居民点＞菜地.[结论]乌鲁木齐地区土壤捕食性螨类资源相当丰富,因此,为了加强农林害虫的生物控制、提高绿色农产品产量,亟待进一步加强此类资源的保护利用研究.  相似文献   

Detection and molecular characterization of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus from major ornamental fish breeding states in Peninsular Malaysia     

K Subramaniam  M Shariff  A R Omar  M Hair‐Bejo  B L Ong 《Journal of fish diseases》2014,37(7):609-618

‘Gold standard’ OIE reference PCR assay was utilized to detect the presence of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in freshwater ornamental fish from Malaysia. From total of 210 ornamental fish samples representing 14 species, ISKNV was detected in 36 samples representing 5 fish species. All positive cases did not show any clinical signs of ISKNV. Three restriction enzymes analyses showed that the fish were infected by identical strains of the same virus species within Megalocytivirus genus. Major capsid protein (MCP) genes of 10 ISKNV strains were sequenced and compared with 9 other reference nucleotide sequences acquired from GenBank. Sequence analysis of MCP gene showed that all strains detected in this study were closely related to the reference ISKNV with nucleotide sequence identity that was ranging from 99.8% to 100%. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of MCP gene revealed that viruses from genus Megalocytivirus can be divided into three genotypes: genotype 1 include reference ISKNV and all other strains that were detected in this study, genotype 2 include viruses closely related to red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), and genotype 3 include viruses closely related turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV).  相似文献   

Application of the consolidated species concept to identify the causal agent of strawberry anthracnose in Iran and initial molecular dating of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Colletotrichum acutatum</Emphasis> species complex     

Kaivan Karimi  Asadollah Babai Ahari  Mahdi Arzanlou  Jahanshir Amini  Ilaria Pertot  Omar Rota-Stabelli 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,147(2):375-387

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is one of main strawberry diseases worldwide. The disease recently arrived in Iran and become epidemic in the Kurdistan province. A combination of morphological, molecular and pathogen-host interaction approaches (referred to the consolidated species concept) were applied to isolates from symptomatic strawberry tissues collected in Iran. Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis based on ITS-rDNA, beta-tubulin (TUB2) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) identified the species as the S5 clade of Colletotrichum nymphaeae. No significant intraspecies variation was observed in terms of morphology and pathogenicity. No significant genetic variation was observed among the isolates using inter simple sequence repeat analysis (ISSR) and primer pair combination of ERIC1/BOX and ERIC2/BOX fingerprinting markers. Based on the results of this study, it can be postulated that the C. nymphaeae population in Iran established itself from a single origin due to a founder effect. More generally, molecular dating based on relaxed clocks indicates co-radiation of C. nymphaeae S5 and strawberry plants and suggests high reciprocal specificity between the host and pathogen.  相似文献   

Ameliorative effects of nurse shrubs on soil chemical characteristics are driven by plant size in the Monte desert     

Omar Varela  Mariana Varas  Donna Rattalino  Franco Crabbè  Mariano Ordano 《Arid Land Research and Management》2017,31(4):418-430

In deserts, shrubs determine landscape structure and influence plant productivity by creating nutrient-enriched environments. Attributes vary among shrub species, thus their contribution to soil characteristics is expected to vary as well, and nutrient input under shrub cover will depend on species attributes. We propose that plant size determines the contribution to soil chemical characteristics. Therefore, the contribution of larger species will be higher than smaller ones. Also, each species will contribute differentially for each chemical parameter. To corroborate these premises, we measured six soil chemical characteristics in areas covered by shrubs and in bare soil, as well as among five nurse species, in four sites of the Monte desert (La Rioja, Argentina). A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated significant variation between cover conditions and locations. Supporting previous studies, the presence of shrubs improved soil properties. Chemical concentration between soils under shrubs and bare soils, respectively, showed as mean and (SD) were: carbon(%): 0.82 (0,47), 0.52 (0.22); nitrates (ppm): 33,33 (67,36), 2.63 (0.56); phosphorous(ppm): 16.76 (25.02), 6.56 (1.92); electrical conductivity (dS m^?1): 0.24 (0,43), 0.03 (0,02); pH: 6.93 (0.56), 7.62 (0.53); and water content (%): 3,17 (8.94), 2.47 (9.15). Chemical characteristics also varied according to the nurse species. Larger nurse species affected the ensemble of chemical characteristics, after controlling for cover condition and site. Larger plant species (Bulnesia retama, Prosopis torquata, and Zuccagnia punctata) were significantly associated with higher carbon and higher nitrates concentration. These results suggest that soil properties are enhanced by the size of nurse plant species.  相似文献   

Morphological study of Socorro Island Merino sheep and its crosses with hair breeds     

Hernández  Juan Augusto  Lepe  Marissa  Macedo  Rafael  Arredondo  Victalina  Cortez  Carlos Eliseo  García  Luis Jorge  Prado  Omar 《Tropical animal health and production》2017,49(1):173-178

Tropical Animal Health and Production - A study was conducted with the objective to characterize the morphology of Socorro Island Merino sheep. A total of 67 sheep, 62 females, 26 purebred and 36...  相似文献   

Foraging behavior of heifers with or without social models in an unfamiliar site containing high plant diversity     

Mauricio Velázquez-Martínez  Silvia López-Ortiz  Omar Hernández-Mendo  Pablo Díaz-Rivera  Sergio Pérez-Elizalde  Jaime Gallegos-Sánchez 《Livestock Science》2010,131(1):73-82

Grazing behavior, diet selection and weight gain of heifers (with or without social models) were assessed in an unfamiliar site containing high plant diversity. The study was performed within a tropical forest ecosystem containing a mixture of grass forb/herb, shrub and tree species. Ten inexperienced crossbred Bos taurus × Bos indicus heifers (7 ± 1 months old) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: naive or naive + social model (sm) and two experienced heifers (16 months old) were assigned to the second group. Naive heifers were bottle-nursed from days 2 to 90 after birth and began grazing at 1 month of age in tropical grass monocultures, while experienced animals had been foraging in sites containing a high diversity of plant species for 3 months prior to the study. Each group grazed in separate paddocks for a 12-week period during the rainy season, and animals were observed using focal sampling from 7:00 to 19:30 h to assess diet composition based on bite counts. Weight gain was assessed every 14 days. Paddocks contained from 1481 to 1789 kg/ha of herbaceous dry matter, enough to support the heifers throughout the study without affecting diet selection. Shrub and tree cover ranged from 55.2 to 58.4% across treatments. Bites per minute were adjusted to a log-scaled quadratic-plateau model and the curves showed no differences between treatments (P = 0.756). However, diet composition differed between groups (P < 0.001), with naive + sm heifers ingesting a greater proportion of trees (P < 0.001) and shrubs (P = 0.02), while naive heifers ingested more forb/herbs (P = 0.02); no difference in grass consumption was observed (P = 0.92). Heifers in both treatments consumed the same plant species (50 from 26 families). Over time, utilization of several plant species increased or decreased (P < 0.05), eventually leveling off for the remainder of the study. Although differences in diet composition were observed, they did not affect overall weight gain (117 and 113 g/day in the naive and naive + sm groups, respectively; P = 0.913). However, initial post-weaning weight loss was avoided in the naive + sm group. Social learning facilitates a higher use of shrubs and trees in tropical pastures containing a high diversity of plant species with different growth habits. As many plant species have high potential as forage, more effort should be placed on developing mechanisms to increase their dietary inclusion by cattle.  相似文献   

Molecular characterization of the phytoplasmas associated with toon trees and periwinkle in India     

Omar F. Ayman  Yogesh Kumar  Vipin Hallan  Aijaz A. Zaidi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2010,76(5):351-354

In November 2008 in Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh regions in India, toon trees and periwinkles were observed to have formed short internodes, small leaves and witches’-broom symptoms, typical of phytoplasma infection. The symptomatic toon and periwinkle samples were tested with universal PCR tests, and the 16S rRNA, rplB-rpsC, secA and secY genes were sequenced. The causal agents belonged to subgroup 16SrI-B of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’, based on 16S rDNA, ribosomal protein gene, secA and secY phylogenetic analysis.  相似文献   

Descriptive distribution and phylogenetic analysis of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolates of Malaysia     

Saeed Sharif  Siti S Arshad  Mohd Hair-Bejo  Abdul R Omar  Nazariah A Zeenathul  Lau S Fong  Nor-Alimah Rahman  Habibah Arshad  Shahirudin Shamsudin  Mohd-Kamarudin A Isa 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2010,52(1):1

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