Hydrothermal Assessment of Temporal Variability in Seedbed Microclimate     

Stuart P. Hardegree  Corey A. Moffet  Gerald N. Flerchinger  Jaepil Cho  Bruce A. Roundy  Thomas A. Jones  Jeremy J. James  Patrick E. Clark  Frederick B. Pierson 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2013,66(2):127-135

The microclimatic requirements for successful seedling establishment are much more restrictive than those required for adult plant survival. The purpose of the current study was to use hydrothermal germination models and a soil energy and water flux model to evaluate intra- and interannual variability in seedbed microclimate relative to potential germination response of six perennial grasses and cheatgrass. We used a 44-yr weather record to parameterize a seedbed microclimate model for estimation of hourly temperature and moisture at seeding depth for a sandy loam soil type at the Orchard Field Test Site in southwestern Ada County, Idaho. Hydrothermal germination response was measured in the laboratory for two seed lots of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), four seed lots of bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] Löve), three seed lots of bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides [Raf] Swezey), and one seed lot each of Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl.), big squirreltail (Elymus multisetus [J.G. Smith] M.E. Jones), thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus [Scribn. And J.G. Smith] Gould) and Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer). Germination response models were developed to estimate potential germination rate for 13 subpopulations of each seed lot for every hour of the 44-yr simulation. Seedbed microclimate was assessed seasonally and for each day, month, and year, and germination rate-sum estimates integrated for a numerical index of relative site favorability for germination for each time period. The rate-sum favorability index showed a consistent pattern among seed lots for different years, and provides a relatively sensitive indicator of annual and seasonal variability in seedbed microclimate. This index could be used with field data to define minimum weather thresholds for successful establishment of alternative plant materials, in conjunction with weather forecast models for making restoration and fire-rehabilitation management decisions in the fall season, for evaluation of potential climate-change impacts on plant community trajectories, and in optimization schemes for selecting among alternative restoration/rehabilitation management scenarios.  相似文献   

Effect of Restricted Pasture Access on Pasture Dry Matter Intake Rate,Dietary Energy Intake,and Fecal pH in Horses     

Emily C. GlunkShannon E. Pratt-Phillips  PhD  Paul D. Siciliano 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2013

Eight mature horses were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of restricted pasture access on dry matter intake rate (DMIR), energy intake, and fecal pH. Horses were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HGRPs), each containing two horses. HGRPs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments consisting of 3, 6, 9, or 24 hours of pasture access, for a period of 7 days. Treatments were switched every 7 days. The 3- and 6-hour groups were fed free choice mature grass hay while not grazing. Daily pasture dry matter intake (DMI) for each HGRP was estimated by calculating the difference between initial herbage mass of the grazing cell before grazing and residual herbage mass after 7 days of grazing. Total dry matter intake was the sum of pasture and hay DMI for the 3- and 6-hour treatments. Fecal pH was measured on day 7 of each period. Response variables were analyzed using analysis of variance for Latin square design. Restricting pasture access decreased mean pasture DMI (P = .02), pasture dietary energy (DE) (P = .02), and fecal pH (P < .001), but increased DMIR (P = .02). Mean total dry matter intake was not different (P = .16) among treatments. In conclusion, restricting pasture access accelerates pasture DMIR and decreases fecal pH, and although restricting pasture access decreases DE intake from pasture, it did not result in a decrease in total DE intake for horses having ad libitum access to hay.  相似文献   

Experimental Transmission of VHSV Genotype IVb by Predation     

Rodman G. Getchell  Emily R. Cornwell  Geoffrey H. Groocock  Po Ting Wong  Laura L. Coffee  Gregory A. Wooster 《Journal of aquatic animal health》2013,25(4):221-229

  相似文献   

Sensory properties and aromatic composition of baked snacks containing brewer's spent grain     

Anastasia Ktenioudaki  Emily Crofton  Amalia G.M. Scannell  John A. Hannon  Kieran N. Kilcawley  Eimear Gallagher 《Journal of Cereal Science》2013

The incorporation of brewer's spent grain (BSG) into baked snacks (crispy-slices) was investigated in terms of nutritional, sensory and aromatic properties. Wheat flour was replaced with BSG at the levels of 10, 15 and 25%. Snacks containing 10% BSG exhibited high Crispiness index (Ci), low Crispiness work (Wc) and a high number of peaks during texture analysis, indicating that the crispiness of the samples was not negatively affected. However higher levels of BSG affected the texture and the crumb structure of snacks and the results were significantly different to the 100% wheat control. Addition of BSG altered the odour profile of the snacks as shown by the volatile profiles, however sensory results indicated that BSG-containing snacks at a level of 10% were highly acceptable and highlighted the possibility of using BSG as a baking ingredient in the formulation of enhanced fibre baked snacks.  相似文献   

Domoic Acid Improves the Competitive Ability of Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima against the Diatom Skeletonema marinoi     

Emily K. Prince  Friederike Irmer  Georg Pohnert 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2398-2412

Because domoic acid, a neurotoxic secondary metabolite produced by marine diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, is hypothesized to be part of a high affinity iron uptake system, we investigated whether domoic acid could improve the competitive ability of Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima, and whether the availability of iron changed the outcome of competition experiments. We found that domoic acid had a slight negative effect on growth of the diatom Skeletonema marinoi when it was grown in monocultures. However, when S. marinoi was cultured with P. delicatissima the presence of domoic acid resulted in a reduction of S. marinoi cells by up to 38% and an increase in P. delicatissima cell numbers by up to 17% under iron replete conditions. Similar effects were not observed in low iron treatments. Domoic acid was not taken up by P. delicatissima cells. Overall, our results indicate that domoic acid can improve the competitive ability of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and that iron is likely to be involved. This study provides an unusual example of indirect inhibition of competitor growth mediated by a secondary metabolite.  相似文献   

A retrospective investigation of feline gastrointestinal parasites in western Canada     

Jessica H. Hoopes  Lydden Polley  Brent Wagner  Emily J. Jenkins 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2013,54(4):359-362

Between 1998 and 2008, feline fecal specimens were submitted to provincial veterinary diagnostic laboratories in Regina and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, for sucrose centrifugation-flotation (n = 635), parasite identification (n = 17), and/or Giardia (n = 283) or Cryptosporidium (n = 266) commercial direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The most commonly detected parasites on flotation were Toxocara cati (4.7%), Isospora (3.8%), and taeniid eggs (Echinococcus or Taenia) (1.3%). Cats less than 2 years of age were twice as likely to have a positive parasite test as cats older than 2 years. Using IFA, Giardia was detected in 9.9% of samples, and Cryptosporidium in 2.3% of samples. Relative to IFA, flotation had sensitivity values of 39% and 50% for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium, respectively. Giardia and Isospora were detected in a higher proportion of samples in our study population than reported in the general cat population in western Canada. This study highlights the importance of sensitivity when interpreting diagnostic tests and provides information to guide region-specific recommendations for helminth parasite prevention and treatment.  相似文献   

Açai Berry (Euterpe oleracea) Dietary Supplements: Variations in Anthocyanin and Flavonoid Concentrations,Phenolic Contents,and Antioxidant Properties     

Earling  Mei  Beadle  Triston  Niemeyer  Emily D. 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2019,74(3):421-429

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Açai (Euterpe oleracea) is a palm plant that is native to South America and produces deep purple berry fruits. Despite açai’s popularity as a...  相似文献   

Decline in whale shark size and abundance at Ningaloo Reef over the past decade: The world’s largest fish is getting smaller     

Corey J.A. Bradshaw  Ben M. Fitzpatrick  Craig C. Steinberg 《Biological conservation》2008,141(7):1894-1905

Over-exploitation of whale sharks threatens the future of these wide-ranging pelagic fish. A long-term continuous record (4436 sightings) from a large aggregation (300-500 resident individuals) of whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia shows that mean shark length declined linearly by nearly 2.0 m and relative abundance measured from ecotourism sightings (corrected for variation in search effort and environmental stochasticity) has fallen by approximately 40% over the last decade. This population-level result confirms previous predictions of population decline based on projection models parameterised using mark-recapture estimates of survival. The majority of these changes are driven by reductions in the number of large individuals in the population. Phenomenological time series models support a deterministic (extrinsic) decline in large females, although there was some evidence for density dependence in large males. These reductions have occurred despite the total protection of whale sharks in Australian waters. As this species is highly migratory, the rapid change in population composition over a decade (<1 whale shark generation) supports the hypothesis of unsustainable mortality in other parts of their range (e.g., overfishing), rather than the alternative of long-term abiotic or biotic shifts in the environment. As such, effective conservation of whale sharks will require international protection, and collaborative tagging studies to identify and monitor migratory pathways.  相似文献   

A selective, sensitive, and rapid in-field assay for soil catechin, an allelochemical of Centaurea maculosa     

Corey D. Broeckling  Jorge M. Vivanco   《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(5):1189-1196

Centaurea maculosa is a plant species native to Eurasia and invasive in many regions of North America that secretes a phytotoxin from its roots, (+/−)-catechin, which is thought to serve an allelopathic role by reducing fitness of neighboring species. However, catechin is a relatively unstable compound, is often found at relatively low concentrations, interacts with soil cations to form insoluble complexes and/or degradation products, and exhibits extremely variable accumulation patterns in the soil. These factors, coupled with a lack of knowledge of the regulation of catechin production by C. maculosa, confound our understanding of the importance of catechin as an allelochemical. The time and cost of current sampling procedures effectively limit the observations made on catechin accumulation patterns, without which it is extremely difficult to conclusively attribute allelopathic significance to this compound. Thus, a highly sensitive, fast, inexpensive and reliable method for soil catechin analysis is needed. We report a novel method that utilizes the colorimetric reagent dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) in an acidic ethanol solution for detection of soil catechin. This method is selective and extremely sensitive and can be used in the field for qualitative, but not quantitative, analysis. This assay will allow for a greater understanding of the role of catechin as an allelochemical.  相似文献   

Winter movement activity patterns of anadromous Arctic charr in two Labrador lakes          下载免费PDF全文

Ingeborg M. Mulder  Corey J. Morris  J. Brian Dempson  Ian A. Fleming  Michael Power 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2018,27(3):785-797

Anadromous Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, feed in the marine environment for several months during the summer and migrate back to fresh water in late summer to spawn and/or overwinter. While overwintering, anadromous Arctic charr are generally believed to reduce or cease feeding, and they are poorly described in their winter movement activity. This study used telemetry data collected from two locations to describe overwintering movement activity, including interindividual variation. Movement activity declined markedly during the ice‐covered period, suggesting opportunistic maintenance feeding was used as an energy conservation strategy. Fall and spring movement was correlated with daylight hours, and ice break‐up had a significant effect on the timing of outmigration. Movement activity was negatively correlated with body length, with smaller individuals being more active than larger fish. Although general activity patterns were evident, there were significant differences among individuals, particularly during spring immediately prior to lake departure. Lake size and individual differences in metabolic rate may account for some of this variation.  相似文献