Increasing forest biomass supply in northern Europe – countrywide estimates and economic perspectives     

Göran Bostedt  Mika Mustonen  Peichen Gong 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2016,31(3):314-322

Woody biomass is the largest source of renewable energy in Europe, and the expected increase in demand for wood for energy purposes was the stimulus for writing this paper. Opportunities to increase the supply of forest biomass in the short and long term are discussed, as well as environmental side effects of intensive forest management. Focusing on northern Europe, national estimates of potential annual fellings and the corresponding potential amounts, simulated by the European Forest Information Scenario model, are then presented, as well as reported fellings. For the region as a whole, there seems to be substantial unused biophysical potential, although recent data from some countries indicate underestimated annual felling rates. We argue that an economic perspective is lacking in the debate about wood production for energy purposes in Europe and harvest potentials, and we discuss the effects of biophysical capacity limits in forest yield from a partial equilibrium perspective. Using a larger proportion of the biophysical potential in northern Europe than at present will entail trade-offs with environmental and social values, which means that strategies are needed to protect and account for the benefits and costs of all forms of ecosystem services.  相似文献   

Differences in substrate use efficiency: impacts of microbial community composition,land use management,and substrate complexity     

Tobias Bölscher  Lars Wadsö  Gunnar Börjesson  Anke M. Herrmann 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2016,52(4):547-559

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Sheep as vectors for branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa subsp. mutelii [F.W. Schultz] Cout.) seed dispersal          下载免费PDF全文

Emma Ginman  Jane Prider  John Matthews  John Virtue  Jennifer Watling 《Weed Biology and Management》2015,15(2):61-69

Sheep can be vectors for the long‐distance dispersal of weeds when seed becomes attached and retained in wool or survives the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed to determine an appropriate quarantine period for sheep that minimized the risk of the long‐distance dispersal of the seeds of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L. subsp. mutelii [F.W. Shultz] Cout.), a parasitic weed. Experiments with penned sheep found that the seeds that were placed on the soil surface adhered to the wool on the thigh and belly of the sheep, with most of the seeds attaching to the feet. Most of the seeds that were applied to the belly and thigh wool detached within 2 days, although a small proportion was present after 7 days. The seeds that were introduced to the digestive tract via drenching had a peak voidance 2 days later and no seed was detected on Day 8. It is suggested that a 7 day quarantine period for sheep would be sufficient in order to reduce the risk of the internal transport of seed to acceptable levels, but a small risk of the external transport of seed on the fleece remains.  相似文献   

Segregation of non‐target‐site resistance to herbicides in multiple‐resistant Alopecurus myosuroides plants          下载免费PDF全文

M Rosenhauer  F G Felsenstein  H‐P Piepho  M Höfer  J Petersen 《Weed Research》2015,55(3):298-308

Non‐target‐site resistance (NTSR) comprises a set of mechanisms conferring resistance to multiple modes of action. Investigation of the number of loci involved in NTSR will aid in the understanding of these resistance mechanisms. Therefore, six different multiple herbicide‐resistant Alopecurus myosuroides plants with different herbicide history were crossed in two generations with a susceptible wild type. Seeds from the backcrossing generation were studied for their segregation rate for resistance to five herbicides with four different modes of action (HRAC groups C₂, A, B and K₃). Taking into account that NTSR is a set of quantitative traits, the numbers of loci controlling NTSR were estimated using a normal mixture model fitted by the NLMIXED procedure of SAS. Each herbicide was controlled by a different number of loci comparing the six plants. In most of the cases, chlorotoluron resistance was controlled by one locus, whereas resistance to fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl needed one or two loci. Resistance to pinoxaden was in all plants conferred by two loci. Cross‐resistance of fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl and pinoxaden was found in all backcrossings, indicating that at least one of the two loci is responsible for both resistances. Resistance to mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron was conferred by a minimum of two loci. Results indicated that a minimum of five different loci can be involved in a multiple NTSR plant. Furthermore, the plant‐specific accumulation of NTSR loci was demonstrated. Such behaviour should be taken into account when evaluating the development and further spread of herbicide resistance.  相似文献   

Welchen Einfluss haben invasive Pflanzenarten auf die Phytodiversität von renaturierten Flusslandschaften?     

Katharina Lapin  Karl-Georg Bernhardt  Peter Lichtenwöhrer  Stefanie Roithmayr 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2015,67(2):75-82

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Role of salicylic acid in phosphite-induced protection against Oomycetes; a Phytophthora cinnamomi - Lupinus augustifolius model system     

Emma Groves  Kay Howard  Giles Hardy  Treena Burgess 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2015,141(3):559-569

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Cadmium-Containing Carbonic Anhydrase CDCA1 in Marine Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii     

Vincenzo Alterio  Emma Langella  Giuseppina De Simone  Simona Maria Monti 《Marine drugs》2015,13(4):1688-1697

The Carbon Concentration Mechanism (CCM) allows phytoplakton species to accumulate the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) necessary for an efficient photosynthesis even under carbon dioxide limitation. In this mechanism of primary importance for diatoms, a key role is played by carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes which catalyze the reversible hydration of CO₂, thus taking part in the acquisition of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis. A novel CA, named CDCA1, has been recently discovered in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. CDCA1 is a cambialistic enzyme since it naturally uses Cd²⁺ as catalytic metal ion, but if necessary can spontaneously exchange Cd²⁺ to Zn²⁺. Here, the biochemical and structural features of CDCA1 enzyme will be presented together with its putative biotechnological applications for the detection of metal ions in seawaters.  相似文献   

Phenotypical parameters as a tool to evaluate the immunostimulatory effects of laminarin in Oncorhynchus mykiss          下载免费PDF全文

Byron Morales‐Lange  Jörn Bethke  Paulina Schmitt  Luis Mercado 《Aquaculture Research》2015,46(11):2707-2715

Laminarin is a β‐glucan from the brown algae Laminaria digitata (J.V. Lamour), which can activate innate immune responses. With the aim of developing a strategy to evaluate specific phenotypical parameters of the effects of laminarin in trout innate immunity, we (i) fed fish with laminarin‐supplemented diet (0.2 g kg^?1 day^?1) for 21 days and (ii) treated fish with a single dose of intraperitoneal injected laminarin (0.08 g kg^?1 fish). The evaluation of cellular and humoral immune parameters was established at phenotypic level by the phagocytic activity of headkidney macrophages and detection of inflammatory cytokines in head kidney and gill tissue by indirect ELISA. Results showed that both delivery methods of laminarin produce an increase in the phagocytic activity in head kidney macrophages and a significant increase in the production of TNFα and IL‐8 in gill tissue at day 21. Additionally, some of these parameters were significantly correlated (P < 0.025), which places them as new potential combined markers to detect activation of trout defense mechanisms by laminarin. These results highlight the importance of developing new protocols to quantitate immune parameters, in order to evaluate immunostimulants in fish farming.  相似文献   

Stepwise function of natural growth for Scylla serrata in East Africa: a valuable tool for assessing growth of mud crabs in aquaculture          下载免费PDF全文

Per‐Olav Moksnes  David Oersted Mirera  Emma Björkvik  Muumin Iddi Hamad  Humphrey Matalu Mahudi  Daniel Nyqvist  Narriman Jiddawi  Max Troell 《Aquaculture Research》2015,46(12):2938-2953

Predicting growth is critical in aquaculture, but models of growth are largely missing for mud crab species. Here, we present the first model of natural growth in juvenile and adult mud crabs Scylla serrata from East Africa using a stepwise growth function based on data on intermoult periods and growth at moult from field mark‐recapture, pond and laboratory studies. The results showed a sigmoid growth pattern in carapace width and suggest that S. serrata in East Africa will reach 300 g and sexual maturity ~9.9 months after settlement, and a commercial size of 500 g after 12.4 months. Analyses of the literature identified several issues with the common praxis to compare standard growth measures between aquaculture studies with different initial size or growing periods. Using the new growth function to estimate the proportional difference between modelled and obtained growth as an alternative method, we show that growth rates of S. serrata cultured in cage systems, which are dominant in East Africa, was <40% of the estimated natural growth and growth obtained in pond systems. The analysis also indicated that growth rates of S. serrata in Southeast Asia was over 50% higher compared with similar culture systems in East Africa, and that different species of mud crabs had large differences in growth rates. This study shows that growth in the present mud crab aquaculture systems in East Africa is below their expected potential. Further work is needed to identify the factors behind this observation.  相似文献   

Aeromonas hydrophila as a causative agent of blue sac fry syndrome in different trout species          下载免费PDF全文

Ş Kayiş  A Er  C Yilmaz  A Düzgün  Ö Köse  I Z Kurtoğlu 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(12):1069-1071

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