Mass marking of stocked European glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) with alizarin red S          下载免费PDF全文

Jean‐Marie Caraguel  Fabien Charrier  Virgile Mazel  Eric Feunteun 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2015,24(3):435-442

This study describes a mass marking method suitable for European glass eel Anguilla anguilla, avoiding osmotic shock and reducing fish stress. During a single day, 360,000 glass eels intended for a stocking operation were bathed into an alizarin red S (ARS) solution, at a density of 346 ind.·l^?1 before being released into a freshwater marsh along with unmarked glass eels. After 15 days, examination of marked and unmarked eels kept in enclosures in the marsh showed 100% of otoliths had been successfully marked and that no excess deaths related to marking process had occurred. Seven months after stocking, results from biometric measurements and otolith analysis, carried out on a sample of 53 elvers caught by electrofishing and belonging to the size class of the 0⁺ cohort, suggest that: (i) the proportions of marked and unmarked remained unchanged, hence suggesting that the marking process had not caused excess mortality, (ii) there was no difference in length, body mass or condition factor between marked and unmarked individuals, demonstrating that marking had caused no harmful effect after 7 months, and (iii) ARS marks in otoliths remained clearly visible. The benefits of this ARS mass marking technique are discussed through a stocking operation.  相似文献   

A new strain of Taylorella asinigenitalis shows differing pathogenicity in mares and Jenny donkeys     

Sandra Wilsher  Hussein Omar  Ann Ismer  Twink Allen  Ulli Wernery  Marina Joseph  Ian Mawhinney  Laura Florea  Lisa Thurston  Fabien Duquesne  Sandrine Petry 《Equine veterinary journal》2021,53(5):990-995

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Acrylamide formation from asparagine under low-moisture Maillard reaction conditions. 1. Physical and chemical aspects in crystalline model systems     

Robert F  Vuataz G  Pollien P  Saucy F  Alonso MI  Bauwens I  Blank I 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(22):6837-6842

The formation of acrylamide in crystalline model systems based on asparagine and reducing sugars was investigated under low-moisture reaction conditions. The acrylamide amounts were correlated with physical changes occurring during the reaction. Molecular mobility of the precursors turned out to be a critical parameter in solid systems, which is linked to the melting behavior and the release of crystallization water of the reaction sample. Heating binary mixtures of asparagine monohydrate and anhydrous reducing sugars led to higher acrylamide amounts in the presence of fructose compared to glucose. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements performed in open systems indicated melting of fructose at 126 degrees C, whereas glucose and galactose fused at 157 and 172 degrees C, respectively. However, glucose was the most reactive and fructose the least efficient sugar in anhydrous liquid systems, indicating that at given molecular mobility the chemical reactivity of the sugar was the major driver in acrylamide formation. Furthermore, reaction time and temperature were found to be covariant parameters: acrylamide was preferably formed by reacting glucose and asparagine at 120 degrees C for 60 min, whereas 160 degrees C was required at shorter reaction time (5 min). These results suggest that, in addition to the chemical reactivity of ingredients, their physical state as well as reaction temperature and time would influence the formation of acrylamide during food processing.  相似文献   

TLR3 deficiency in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis     

Zhang SY  Jouanguy E  Ugolini S  Smahi A  Elain G  Romero P  Segal D  Sancho-Shimizu V  Lorenzo L  Puel A  Picard C  Chapgier A  Plancoulaine S  Titeux M  Cognet C  von Bernuth H  Ku CL  Casrouge A  Zhang XX  Barreiro L  Leonard J  Hamilton C  Lebon P  Héron B  Vallée L  Quintana-Murci L  Hovnanian A  Rozenberg F  Vivier E  Geissmann F  Tardieu M  Abel L  Casanova JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5844):1522-1527

Some Toll and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide immunity to experimental infections in animal models, but their contribution to host defense in natural ecosystems is unknown. We report a dominant-negative TLR3 allele in otherwise healthy children with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis. TLR3 is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is required to control HSV-1, which spreads from the epithelium to the CNS via cranial nerves. TLR3 is also expressed in epithelial and dendritic cells, which apparently use TLR3-independent pathways to prevent further dissemination of HSV-1 and to provide resistance to other pathogens in TLR3-deficient patients. Human TLR3 appears to be redundant in host defense to most microbes but is vital for natural immunity to HSV-1 in the CNS, which suggests that neurotropic viruses have contributed to the evolutionary maintenance of TLR3.  相似文献   

Synthesis and sensorial properties of 2-alkylalk-2-enals and 3-(acetylthio)-2-alkyl alkanals     

Robert F  Héritier J  Quiquerez J  Simian H  Blank I 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(11):3525-3529

Parallel synthesis was applied to prepare a series of 3-(acetylthio)-2-alkyl alkanals by Michael addition of thioacetic acid under alkaline conditions to alpha,beta-unsaturated 2-alkyl-substituted aldehydes, which were obtained by aldol condensation of the corresponding primary aldehydes as starting materials. The target compounds were characterized in terms of GC, MS, and NMR data. The sensory properties of the odorants, such as odor quality and odor detection threshold value, were determined with a trained panel. Structure-activity relationships are discussed, suggesting that the 1,3-oxygen-sulfur functionality, required for the "olfactophore" of tropical/vegetable notes, can further be extended to the acetylthio derivatives.  相似文献   

The Influence of 1-Butanol and Trisodium Citrate Ion on Morphology and Chemical Properties of Chitosan-Based Microcapsules during Rigidification by Alkali Treatment     

Sudipta Chatterjee  Fabien Salaün  Christine Campagne 《Marine drugs》2014,12(12):5801-5816

Linseed oil which has various biomedical applications was encapsulated by chitosan (Chi)-based microcapsules in the development of a suitable carrier. Oil droplets formed in oil-in-water emulsion using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as emulsifier was stabilized by Chi, and microcapsules with multilayers were formed by alternate additions of SDS and Chi solutions in an emulsion through electrostatic interaction. No chemical cross-linker was used in the study and the multilayer shell membrane was formed by ionic gelation using Chi and SDS. The rigidification of the shell membrane of microcapsules was achieved by alkali treatment in the presence of a small amount of 1-butanol to reduce aggregation. A trisodium citrate solution was used to stabilize the charge of microcapsules by ionic cross-linking. Effects of butanol during alkali treatment and citrate in post alkali treatment were monitored in terms of morphology and the chemical properties of microcapsules. Various characterization techniques revealed that the aggregation was decreased and surface roughness was increased with layer formation.  相似文献   

How anthropogenic disturbances affect the resilience of a keystone palm tree in the threatened Andean cloud forest?     

Fabien Anthelme  Juan Lincango  Charlotte Gully  Nina Duarte  Rommel Montúfar 《Biological conservation》2011,(3):1059-1067

To conserve tropical forests, it is crucial to characterise the disturbance threshold beyond which populations of tropical trees are no longer resilient. This approach is still not widely employed, especially with respect to the effects of moderate disturbances. Compensation effects, such as positive interactions among plants, are addressed even more rarely. We attempt to identify the extents to which the distribution of the keystone palm tree Ceroxylon echinulatum is regulated by various regimes of deforestation in a threatened tropical montane cloud forest in the North-West Andes of Ecuador. The demographic structure of this palm tree was examined in three habitats: old-growth forest, forest disturbed by selective logging, and deforested pasture. Patterns were related to stand structure, microclimate, and soil composition. Seedling desiccation owing to severe aboveground water stress led to the absence of juvenile palms in pastures, and thus was predictive of a near extinction of the species in this habitat. However, shade provided by dominant bunchgrass in pastures considerably reduced above- and belowground water stress by diminishing light intensity. Selective logging resulted in a higher density of individuals in disturbed forests than in old-growth forests, but was associated with a spoiled spatial structure. Therefore, the protection of residual old-growth forests is a prerequisite for the conservation of C. echinulatum, although secondary forests might act as provisional refuges that promote its resilience. The reduction of water stress by nurse grasses in pastures represents a promising approach to promote the resilience of tropical tree species and their associated communities after deforestation.  相似文献   

Biodiversity of Fusarium species in ears and stalks of maize plants in Belgium     

Jonathan Scauflaire  Olivier Mahieu  Julien Louvieaux  Guy Foucart  Fabien Renard  Fran?oise Munaut 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(1):59-66

In order to investigate the pre-harvest contamination of maize plants by Fusarium species in Belgium, a three-year survey has been performed in five fields in which three hybrids differing in susceptibility to maize stalk rot were sampled at four different physiological stages. An extensive collection of 5,659 Fusarium isolates characterized at the species level was established during the 2005, 2006, and 2007 growing seasons, with a total of 23 different Fusarium species identified to occur on ears and stalks. A high number of plants was already contaminated by Fusarium spp. at the anthesis stage, although no symptoms were visible on ears or on stalks. As the season progressed, the incidence of Fusarium-infected maize plants reached 100% in several fields. At the end of the growing season, the most frequently isolated species in maize ears were F. graminearum, sometimes associated with F. avenaceum, F. crookwellense, F. culmorum, F. poae, and F. temperatum, a new species recently described on maize. The predominant Fusarium species detected in stalks at the end of the growing season were F. graminearum and F. crookwellense, often associated with F. culmorum and F. temperatum. Year-to-year variability observed for the incidence of F. graminearum can most likely be associated with differences in climatic conditions among the three years.  相似文献   

Identification of equid herpesvirus-5 in respiratory liquids: a retrospective study of 785 samples taken in 2006-2007     

Fortier G  Pronost S  Miszczak F  Fortier C  Léon A  Richard E  Van Erck E  Thiry E  Lekeux P 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2009,182(2):346-348

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DNA microarray-based genotyping of Chlamydophila psittaci strains from culture and clinical samples     

Sachse K  Laroucau K  Vorimore F  Magnino S  Feige J  Müller W  Kube S  Hotzel H  Schubert E  Slickers P  Ehricht R 《Veterinary microbiology》2009,135(1-2):22-30

The avian and human pathogen Chlamydophila (C.) psittaci represents a genetically heterogeneous species. To facilitate epidemiological surveys, more rapid yet highly specific molecular tests are needed. Currently used typing methods, i.e. serotyping and PCR-RFLP, have only limited sensitivity and are incapable of covering the wide spectrum of naturally occurring types of C. psittaci strains. In the present study, a new DNA microarray assay based on the ArrayTube (AT) technology was used to genotype C. psittaci in 98 isolates and 23 clinical tissue samples. The present array carries 35 oligonucleotide probes derived from variable domains 2 and 4 of the ompA gene. The assay proved highly sensitive, allowing correct genotyping of DNA from 2 inclusion-forming units. The results of DNA microarray genotyping of cultured strains proved highly concordant with the data from PCR-RFLP typing and serotyping. Sequencing of the ompA gene served as the reference test to verify the accuracy of AT genotyping results. In 15 instances (15.3%), strains were successfully typed by the AT assay, while serotyping and/or PCR-RFLP genotyping failed to produce unambiguous results. Eleven of these samples were ompA sequenced to confirm the AT findings. In addition to the currently accepted nine ompA genotypes, the microarray test was shown to recognise new provisional genotypes, such as Mat116 and YP84. In conclusion, the new AT assay proved to be suitable for rapid, sensitive and reproducible genotyping of C. psittaci strains and can be recommended for routine diagnosis.  相似文献