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11.
Is coppice a potential for urban forestry? The social perspective   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
After years of decline and neglect, low woodland types based on coppice management experience renewed interest. Substantial research has demonstrated the potentials of coppice for biomass production and for nature conservation, and coppices are increasingly being suggested for urban situations. Yet, our understanding of the more social aspects of coppice woodlands in modern urban situations is limited. Against this background, this contribution classifies coppice management systems as a basis for identification of social aspects of coppices and their potential use in contemporary urban forestry. Based on this classification, the social perspectives and potential niches for urban coppices are discussed, while lines of research are suggested which will support the development of a thorough and up-to-date knowledge base, against which the social merits of urban coppice woodlands can be critically evaluated.  相似文献   
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BACKGROUND: The potential development of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton and surging of non‐targeted insects is a major risk in the durability of Bt plant technology. Midgut proteinases are involved in Bt activation and degradation. Proteinase inhibitors may be used to control a wide range of insects and delay Bt resistance development. Proactive action to examine proteinase inhibitors for synergistic interaction with Bt toxin and cloning of proteinase cDNAs for RNAi is necessary to make transgenic cotton more versatile and durable. RESULTS: A sublethal dose (15 ppb) of Cry1Ac, 0.5% benzamidine and 0.02% phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride significantly suppressed midgut azocaseinase, tryptic and chymotryptic activities, and resulted in reductions in larval and pupal length and mass of Heliothis virescens. The combination of proteinase inhibitor and Bt suppressed 20–37% more larval body mass and 26–80% more enzymatic activities than the inhibitor only or Bt only. To facilitate knockdown‐resistance‐related proteinase genes, 15 midgut chymotrypsin cDNAs were sequenced. Most predicted chymotrypsins contained the conserved N‐termini IVGG, three catalytic center residues (His, Asp and Ser), substrate specificity determinant (Ser or Gly) and cysteines for disulfide bridges. These putative chymotrypsins were separated into three distinct groups, indicating the diverse proteinases evolved in this polyphagous insect. CONCLUSION: H. virescens has evolved diverse midgut proteinase genes. Proteinase inhibitors have potential insecticidal activity, and the interaction of Bt with proteinase inhibitors is desirable for enhancing Bt toxicity and delaying resistance development. Intensive sequencing of chymotrypsin cDNAs will facilitate future functional examinations of individual roles in Bt toxicity and resistance development and facilitate targeted control using RNAi and/or proteinase inhibitors. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
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Journal of Soils and Sediments - In urban areas, soil functions are deeply impacted by all human activities, e.g., water infiltration, carbon storage, and chemical substances degradation potential....  相似文献   
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Rickettsia conorii, the aetiological agent of Mediterranean spotted fever, is an intracellular bacterium transmitted by ticks. Preliminary analyses of the nearly complete genome sequence of R. conorii have revealed 44 occurrences of a previously undescribed palindromic repeat (150 base pairs long) throughout the genome. Unexpectedly, this repeat was found inserted in-frame within 19 different R. conorii open reading frames likely to encode functional proteins. We found the same repeat in proteins of other Rickettsia species. The finding of a mobile element inserted in many unrelated genes suggests the potential role of selfish DNA in the creation of new protein sequences.  相似文献   
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Gel formation was monitored by low amplitude rheometry during acidification at 40 degrees C with 1.5% glucono-delta-lactone in combined milk systems containing soluble and/or micelle-bound heat-induced (95 degrees C/10 min) aggregates of denatured whey proteins and kappa-casein and in heated dairy mixes with varying micellar casein/whey protein ratio (CN/WP). Both soluble and micelle-bound aggregates increased gelation pH and gel strength. Micelle-bound aggregates seemed to modify the micelle surface so that micelles were destabilized at a pH of 5.1 (instead of 4.7), while soluble aggregates precipitated at their calculated pI of approximately 5.3, and initiated an early gelation by interacting with the micelles. Decreasing the CN/WP ratio produced larger aggregates with higher whey protein: kappa-casein ratio, which gave more elastic gels. The specific effects of the micellar and soluble aggregates on gel strength are discussed with respect to their relative proportions in the heated milk.  相似文献   
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Low concentrations of a disulfide reducing agent were added to unheated and heated (80 °C for 30 min) skim milk, with and without added whey protein. The reduction of the β-lactoglobulin and κ-casein disulfide bonds was monitored over time using electrophoresis. The distribution of the proteins between the colloidal and serum phases was also investigated. κ-Casein disulfide bonds were reduced in preference to those of β-lactoglobulin in both unheated and heated skim milk (with or without added whey protein). In addition, in heated skim milk, while the serum κ-casein was reduced more readily than the colloidal κ-casein, the distribution of κ-casein between the two phases was not affected.  相似文献   
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Purpose

Green roofs (GR) offer a way to improve several ecosystem services in cities. However, the performances of GR are basically considered as steady over time whereas they are living media subject to ageing that are rarely managed by their owners. This study transposes a pedological approach to evaluate changes in GR physical structure and chemical composition over time.

Materials and methods

A full-scale experimental plot with various vegetation cover was studied. A dedicated sampling strategy was implemented to monitor substrate’s evolution over 4 years. Then, physical and chemical characterisation (carbon and nitrogen contents, particle size distribution, porosity, soil water retention) was conducted and compared to results on the original substrate.

Results and discussion

The upper layer of the substrate (0 to 5 cm depth) contained a large amount of fine and short roots whereas the root density was much smaller in the lower layer of the substrate (5 to 10 cm depth). There was a global drop of the organic carbon content from 5 % in the initial substrate to 2 % in the 4-year-old substrate. On the contrary, the nitrogen concentration has increased by 0.4 % during the same period. The mesoporosity decreased drastically from 0.11 to 0.02 cm3 cm?3. On the whole substrate, the <2-mm particles fraction was smaller after 4 years (12.5 %) than in the initial substrate (18.2 %) which was especially obvious in the upper horizon (9.5 %). Additionally, the monitored properties also varied significantly as a function of soil cover (sedum, moss and bare soil). Evidences of an early pedogenesis were highlighted such as poral evolution and fine particles eluviation.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the study demonstrated the effects of time, climate and vegetation on physical and chemical properties of green roof substrate. They are not only classified as Isolatic Technosols due to their composition and implementation; they also exhibit one of the major characteristic of young Technosols: a fast and intense pedogenesis.
  相似文献   
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