Intra- and inter-provenance variability in phloem phenols of Picea abies and relationship to a bark beetle-associated fungus     

Lieutier F  Brignolas F  Sauvard D  Yart A  Galet C  Brunet M  van de Sype H 《Tree physiology》2003,23(4):247-256

One hundred Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) clones (three ramets per clone) were analyzed for phloem phenol composition and concentration before and 10 days after wound inoculation with sterile malt agar. Fifty clones (Experiment 1) belonged to the same provenance, whereas the remaining clones (Experiment 2) belonged to five provenances from three geographic areas. In Experiment 2, two additional ramets from the same clones were mass inoculated with Ceratocystis polonica (Siem.) C. Moreau to quantify the resistance of each clone. Tree response to wound inoculations was characterized by increased catechin concentration in both experiments, accompanied by increases in astringin and decreases in piceid in Experiment 1. In both experiments, we observed a diverse group of phenolic compounds whose concentrations increased (catechin, astringin) or did not vary (taxifolin glucoside) in response to wound inoculations, whereas concentrations of a homogeneous group of stilbene compounds decreased (piceid) or did not vary (isorhapontin, unidentified stilbene). In Experiment 2, provenances from the alpine and Hercynian-Carpatic areas differed from provenances from the Baltic area with respect to the relative importance of these two groups of compounds, further indicating that the two groupings of phenolic compounds structure the Norway spruce populations. Eighty days after mass inoculation, the percentage of healthy sapwood, which was taken as a measure of tree resistance, indicated that clones from the Baltic area were less resistant to mass inoculations than clones from the alpine and Hercynian-Carpatic areas. We conclude that the degree of resistance of Norway spruce trees to mass inoculations with a bark beetle-associated fungus can be predicted based on the diversity of constitutive phloem phenols and the ability to induce phenol synthesis in response to wounding.  相似文献   

Modeling climate change effects on the potential production of French plains forests at the sub-regional level   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Loustau D  Bosc A  Colin A  Ogée J  Davi H  François C  Dufrêne E  Déqué M  Cloppet E  Arrouays D  Le Bas C  Saby N  Pignard G  Hamza N  Granier A  Bréda N  Ciais P  Viovy N  Delage F 《Tree physiology》2005,25(7):813-823

We modeled the effects of climate change and two forest management scenarios on wood production and forest carbon balance in French forests using process-based models of forest growth. We combined data from the national forest inventory and soil network survey, which were aggregated over a 50 x 50-km grid, i.e., the spatial resolution of the climate scenario data. We predicted and analyzed the climate impact on potential forest production over the period 1960-2100. All models predicted a slight increase in potential forest yield until 2030-2050, followed by a plateau or a decline around 2070-2100, with overall, a greater increase in yield in northern France than in the south. Gross and net primary productivities were more negatively affected by soil water and atmospheric water vapor saturation deficits in western France because of a more pronounced shift in seasonal rainfall from summer to winter. The rotation-averaged values of carbon flux and production for different forest management options were estimated during four years (1980, 2015, 2045 and 2080). Predictions were made using a two-dimensional matrix covering the range of local soil and climate conditions. The changes in ecosystem fluxes and forest production were explained by the counterbalancing effect of rising CO2 concentration and increasing water deficit. The effect of climate change decreased with rotation length from short rotations with high production rates and low standing biomasses to long rotations with low productivities and greater standing biomasses. Climate effects on productivity, both negative and positive, were greatest on high fertility sites. Forest productivity in northern France was enhanced by climate change, increasingly from west to east, whereas in the southwestern Atlantic region, productivity was reduced by climate change to an increasing degree from west to east.  相似文献   

Preliminary evaluation of cytotoxic properties of Laurus nobilis leaf extracts     

Kivçak B  Mert T 《Fitoterapia》2002,73(3):242-243

n-Hexane, ethanol and water extracts of Laurus nobilis L. leaves were evaluated for cytotoxic properties using the Brine shrimp bioassay. Only the n-hexane extract exhibited cytotoxic activity.  相似文献   

Some biological interactions between the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anagyrus pseudococci</Emphasis> (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and its host <Emphasis Type="Italic">Planococcus ficus</Emphasis> (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)     

G. Güleç  A. N. Kilinçer  M. B. Kaydan  S. Ülgentürk 《Journal of pest science》2007,80(1):43-49

The development, longevity, fecundity and life-table parameters of the endoparasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), 15 d.o. (3rd-instar nymphs) and 21 d.o. (young adult females) of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10%RH and 16:8h L:D under laboratory conditions. The developmental time of female parasitoids within the host was 17.7 ± 0.39 days in 15 d.o. and 16.65 ± 0.25 days in 21 d.o. hosts; for males, development time was 16.85 ± 0.29 and 15.25 ± 0.09 days, respectively. The average number of offspring per female was 22.35 ± 1.68 in 15 d.o. and 34.8 ± 2.56 in 21 d.o. vine mealybugs. The longevity of female parasitoids was 14.8 ± 0.98 days in 15 d.o. and 15.65 ± 0.92 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs, respectively; for males, longevity was determined as 7.3 ± 0.43 and 6.7 ± 0.54 days, respectively. The mean time of pupation was 7.85 ± 0.003 days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 8.65 ± 0.003 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The aggregate encapsulation rate in the parasitized 15 d.o. mealybugs was 49.73 and 60.36% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Furthermore, effective encapsulation was 24.82% in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 37.50% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Population growth rate (r _m) for A. pseudococci was 0.0999 female/female/days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 0.1269 female/female/days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The mean population generation time was 23.49 days for parasitoids reared in 15-days-old and 22.39 days when reared in 21 d.o. mealybugs.  相似文献   

Relationships between nursery practices and field performance for Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil     

Stape  Jose Luiz  Gonçalves  Jose Leonardo Moraes  Gonçalves  Antonio Natal 《New Forests》2001,22(1-2):19-41

The 3.5 million ha of Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil support many domestic and industrial activities. In the pulpwood sector, forest productivity has increased from 12 to 40 m³ ha^–1 year^–1 through breeding and silviculturalpractices. Nurseries have fostered thisevolution with changes in container/substratetypes, propagation methods and specificinfrastructure for each plant growth phase.Eucalyptus plants are mainly produced bycuttings, using rigid tube containers filledwith vermiculite-organic compound substrates.Stock quality is based on morphologicalcharacteristics of the plants, andenvironmental conditions are highly significantfor plant performance. Performance is dependenton physiological short-term effects related tosurvival and long-term effects of genotype/rootmorphology related to tree development. Currentsilvicultural trends are reducing establishmentcosts but increasing the risk of using lowquality plants. The development of fieldperformance models and nursery physiologicaltests is recommended for Eucalyptusplantations in Brazil. Improved experimentaldesigns are needed to capture the interactionbetween plant quality and field performance.  相似文献   

Research opportunities to improve the production of homegardens     

François Mergen 《Agroforestry Systems》1987,5(1):57-67

The management of home gardens on a widescale basis is reviewed and examples of specific systems are presented. Opportunities for improvement are presented and recommendations for research are given. Because of the contribution to supply food and goods to millions of people, the home gardens should play a more important role in development programs and more organized and directed research should be provided. This should contribute greatly to the yield from these land use systems.  相似文献   

The <Emphasis Type="Italic">Betula</Emphasis> aphids of Turkey     

S. Toros  I. Özdemir  H. Çanakçioğlu 《Journal of pest science》2003,76(6):173-175

To date, about 400 aphid species have been recorded in Turkey (see References). However, this is the first paper which 3 aphid species determined in 3 genera on Betula spp. in Turkey. These species, namely Calaphis flava Mordvilko, Callipterinella calliptera (Hartig) and Euceraphis punctipennis (Zetterstedt) all belong to the family: Aphididae, subfamily: Myzocallinae, tribe: Calaphini and none of the species has previously been recorded in aphid fauna lists on Betula spp. in Turkey. Their synonyms, morphological characteristics and biological data, supported by literature, were also considered.  相似文献   

Forest pest control by common redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus L.) near Antalya, Turkey     

Ali Erdoğan  M. Süleyman Kaçar  Levent S. Turan  İlhami Kiziroğlu  Mehmet Öz 《Journal of pest science》2005,78(4):243-245

This research was conducted in two Mediterranean forest study plots (Bük-Lütfi Büyükyıldırım BL and Elmalı Cedarforest EZ) near Antalya, Turkey, between 2000 and 2002. Adult redstarts fed their nestlings exclusively with insects (79.5%). Three hundred and thirty seven prey items were identified of which 34.4% were Coleoptera, 17.2% Lepidoptera, 11.6% Diplopoda, 9.8% Diptera, 8.0 % Hymenoptera, 5% Heteroptera, 4.7% Arachnida, 2.7% Orthoptera, 1.8% Myriapoda, 1.2% zu Sedantaria, 0.6% each scorpions, Homoptera, and Dermaptera, and 0.3% each Chilopoda, Neuroptera, and earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris). Fourteen different forest pest species were identified of which seven species were Lepidoptera, four Coleoptera, two Hymenoptera and one Orthoptera.  相似文献   

13C and 15N isotopic fractionation in trees, soils and fungi in a natural forest stand and a Norway spruce plantation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bernd Zeller  Claude Brechet  Jean-Paul Maurice  François Le Tacon 《Annals of Forest Science》2007,64(4):419-429

¹⁵N and ¹³C natural abundances of foliage, branches, trunks, litter, soil, fungal sporophores, mycorrhizas and mycelium were determined in two forest stands, a natural forest and a Norway spruce plantation, to obtain some insights into the role of the functional diversity of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi in carbon and nitrogen cycles. Almost all saprotrophic fungi sporophores were enriched in ¹³C relative to their substrate. In contrast, they exhibited no or very little shift of δ¹⁵N. Judging from the amount of C discrimination, ectomycorrhizal fungi seem to acquire carbon from their host or from dead organic matter. Some ectomycorrhizal species seem able to acquire nitrogen from dead organic matter and could be able to transfer it to their host without nitrogen fractionation, while others supply their host with ¹⁵N-depleted nitrogen. Moreover ectomycorrhizal species displayed a significant N fractionation during sporophore differentiation, while saprotrophic fungi did not.  相似文献   

Effects of gamma radiation on life stages of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)     

Abdurrahman Ayvaz  Aydın Ş. Tunçbilek 《Journal of pest science》2006,79(4):215-222

We report the results of experiments conducted with Ephestia kuehniella Zeller to determine the effects of gamma radiation on life stages. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were irradiated with increasing doses of gamma radiation (seven dose levels between 50 and 400 Gy for eggs and larvae, six dose levels between 50 and 350 Gy for pupae and four dose levels between 250 and 550 Gy for adults). All the experiments were conducted in a growth chamber maintained at 27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% r.h., and alternating 14 h light:10 h dark cycles. The number of adults that developed from irradiated eggs and larvae was lower than the untreated control. Doses of 200 Gy and above prevented adult emergence from irradiated eggs. Although a dose of 200 Gy was enough to prevent adult emergence from young larvae, 250 Gy should be used to prevent adult emergence completely from last instar larvae. Delayed developmental periods were observed for the treated eggs and larvae. Fecundity and egg hatchability were decreased depending on the doses applied. Decreased fecundity and egg hatchability were more prevalent when both the male and female pupae were treated compared to the treatment of female pupae only. There was no significant decrease in the fecundity of irradiated adults except 550 Gy, and no eggs hatched at doses of 300 Gy and above.  相似文献