Effects of salinity on germination,growth and yield of cowpea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. W. Wests  L. E. Francois 《Irrigation Science》1982,3(3):169-175

Summary Adequate information on salt tolerance is lacking for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), a crop grown under both dryland and irrigated conditions. A two-year field plot study was conducted to determine the responses of both the vegetative and dry seed yield of cowpea to a range of soil salinities. Four salinity levels were imposed each year on a Pachappa fine sandy loam (mixed, thermic, Mollic Haploxeralf). Vegetative growth, dry seed yield, and several components of seed yield were measured.Vegetative yield was decreased more by increasing soil salinity than was dry seed yield. Vegetative growth was reduced 9.0% for each unit increase in electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract beyond a threshold value of 1.6 dS/m. Dry seed yield was reduced 12% for each unit increase beyond 4.9 dS/m. Fewer pods per plant accounted for nearly all of the seed yield reduction associated with increasing salinity levels.Germination was significantly reduced when electrical conductivity in sand cultures exceeded 12.0 dS/m.  相似文献   

Estimating species richness of pitfall catches by non-parametric estimators     

Ulrich Brose 《Pedobiologia》2002,46(2):101-107

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Leaf volatile compounds of six citrus somatic allotetraploid hybrids originating from various combinations of lime, lemon, citron, sweet orange, and grapefruit     

Gancel AL  Ollitrault P  Froelicher Y  Tomi F  Jacquemond C  Luro F  Brillouet JM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(6):2224-2230

Volatile compounds were extracted by a pentane/ether (1:1) mixture from the leaves of six citrus somatic allotetraploid hybrids resulting from various combinations of lime, lemon, citron, sweet orange, and grapefruit. Extracts were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and compared with those of their respective parents. All hybrids having an acid citrus parent exhibit the same relative contents in hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds as the acid citrus, while the (grapefruit + orange) hybrid behaves similarly to its two parents. When volatile compound contents (microg g(-1)) are examined in detail, several behaviors are encountered in hybrids and seem to depend on the presence/absence of the considered parental compound and on the corresponding hybrid combination. Meanwhile, the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons are present in all hybrids at concentrations systematically lower than those of the highest parental producers. Statistical analyses show that hybrids exhibit hardly discriminable aromatic profiles, meaning that no strong dominance of one or the other parent was observed in hybrids with regards to the leaf volatile compound production.  相似文献   

Immobilization of nitrogen from urea and plant residues in a ferrallitic soil: Laboratory experiments and study by size-fractionation     

C. Francois  C. Feller  G. Guiraud  J. Loury  J. -P. Boudot 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1991,12(3):182-188

Summary The fate of N when incorporated in a ferrallitic soil was investigated during a 3-month incubation, using either ¹⁵N-labelled urea or ¹⁵N-labelled crop residues (sugarcane roots and leaves). The organic matter was characterized by particle-size fractionation. The urea-derived organic ¹⁵N was mainly found in the clay-sized fractions and was ascribed to biological activity. The plant-derived ¹⁵N was observed both in the sand-sized and in the clay-sized fractions; the former pool was ascribed to the persistence of crops residues, the latter to biological immobilization. The relative proportions of organic ¹⁵N recovered in the various clay fractions (coarse, fine, and very fine) were similar, irrespective of the nature of the added ¹⁵N. The very fine clay fraction (F<0.05 m) showed the highest isotopic excess, and thus gave rise to the highest turnover rate.  相似文献   

Pig major acute-phase protein and apolipoprotein A-I responses correlate with the clinical course of experimentally induced African Swine Fever and Aujeszky's disease     

Carpintero R  Alonso C  Piñeiro M  Iturralde M  Andrés M  Le Potier MF  Madec F  Alava MA  Piñeiro A  Lampreave F 《Veterinary research》2007,38(5):741-753

In the present work, we studied the acute phase protein response after experimental virus infection in pigs. The animals were experimentally infected with African Swine Fever (ASF) or Aujeszky's disease (AD) viruses. The clinical course of ASF infection correlated with increasingly high levels of pig Major Acute-phase Protein (pig-MAP) (mean value of 6 mg/mL on day 6 post infection (p.i.), from 6 to 9 times higher than day 0) and sharp apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) decrease (mean value of 0.5 mg/mL, from 4 to 10 times lower than day 0 on day 4 p.i.). AD-clinical signs appeared at day 3 p.i., both in vaccinated (moderate clinical signs) and non-vaccinated pigs (severe outcome within 48 h p.i.). Pig-MAP and apo A-I profiles also followed clinical signs (changing from 0.70 mg/mL to around 3 mg/mL and from around 3 mg/mL to 0.96 mg/mL, respectively in non-vaccinated animals), with minor changes in concentration in the vaccinated group. Haptoglobin levels significantly increased in ASF and AD infected animals (mean maximum values of 2.77 and 3.96 mg/mL, respectively). Minor differences for the C-Reactive Protein in the case of ASF were observed, whereas its concentration increased more than 7 times in AD-infection. The albumin level was not modified in either case. The correlation of clinical signs to our data suggests the potential use of pig-MAP and apo A-I in monitoring infections in swine.  相似文献   

Application de la CCM à l'étude des produits obtenus dans la démucilagination des huiles de germe de maïs     

M. Th. Francois  Mmes Michèle Brément  Lucette Riedweg 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1968,16(1-4):156-161

Résumé Lorsque l'on traite des huiles végétales brutes par de l'eau, de la vapeur d'eau, des solutions salines ou des solutions acides, dans des conditions que la technique industrielle précise, il se sépare une phase aqueuse dite phase de démucilagination. Celle-ci contient des substances dotées de propriétés tensioactives comparables, mais de constitutions chimiques très différentes: des polyholosides qui représentent les mucilages proprement dits, mais aussi des phosphoaminolipides de natures diverses. De plus, des lipides simples: glycérides, acides gras libres et matières insaponifiables peuvent être entraînés dans ce milieu doté de propriétés émulsives.La présente étude est consacrée à l'analyse des produits de démucilagination, obtenus au laboratoire par action d'une quantité d'eau limitée sur l'huile brute extraite du germe de maïs.On sépare d'abord les glucides de l'ensemble lipidique en solubilisant celui-ci par un lavage avec de l'hexane. La solution est séchée, évaporée sous pression réduite et soumise à l'analyse chromatographique sur plaque de Kieselgel de Merck. Après les manipulations d'usage, la mise en évidence des taches pouvait être obtenue au moyen de la vapeur d'iode ou par pulvérisation d'acide sulfurique. Nous avons préféré utiliser la rhodamine B qui nous a permis de mettre en évidence, près de la base, une série de quatre tâches correspondant à des lécithines, (ce fait a été vérifié en soumettant la matière première à l'hydrolyse, ce qui a permis de mettre en évidence la seule choline sans trace d'éthanolamine, constituant caractéristique des céphalines), et près de la ligne de front d'autres dépôts, qui repris, ont été identifiés à des stérols. Il a été vérifié que glycérides et acides gras ne migrent pas dans nos conditions expérimentales.En complément de la chromatographie sur plaques, la chromatographie gazeuse a permis de connaître l'identité des acides gras consituant les lécithines et celle des stérols.

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Summary When raw vegetable oils are treated by water, vapour, solutions of salts or acids, in conditions that are defined by industrial technique, an aqueous phase, called de gumming phase is separated. This phase contains substances possessing compared surface-active properties but differing by their chemical constitutions: poly holosides, which are the gums proper, but also phospho aminolipids of various nature. Furthermore, simple lipids: glycerides, free fatty acids, unsaponifiables may be drawn into this medium endowed with emulsifying properties.The present study is concerned with the analysis of the products of degumming obtained in the laboratory by the action of a limited quantity of water on the raw oil extracted from corn germ.First the carbohydrates are separated from by the complex of lipids by solubilizing it with a washing by hexane. The solution is dried, evaporated under reduced pressure, and chromatographically analyzed on aMerck Kieselgel plate. After the usual manipulations the evidencing of the spots could be obtained with the help of iodine vapours or by spraying with sulphuric acid. We preferred to use Rhodamin B which enabled us to show, near the base, a series of four spots corresponding to lecithins (this fact was verified by the hydrolysis of the raw material which enabled us to isolate only the choline, without any trace of ethanolamine, a characteristic constituant of cephalins), and near the front line, other spots, which, when redissolved, were identified as sterols. It was verified that in our experimental conditions the glycerides and fatty acids do not migrate.As a supplement for plate chromatography, gas-chromatography has enabled us to identify the fatty acids constituting the lecithins, and also to identify the sterols.

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Zusammenfassung Wenn man die rohen Pflanzenöle mit Wasser, Wasserdampf, Salzlösungen oder Säurelösungen unter den Bedingungen der präzisen industriellen Technik behandelt, scheidet sich eine wässerige, sogenannte Entschleimungsphase aus. Diese enthält Stoffe, die vergleichbare tensioaktive Eigenschaften haben, aber deren chemische Beschaffenheit sehr verschieden ist: Polykolloide, welche die eigentlichen Schleime bilden, aber auch Phospho-amino-Lipide verschiedener Natur und auch einfache Lipide: Glyceride, freie Fettsäuren und nicht verseifbare Stoffe, die in diesem mit emulgierenden Eigenschaften ausgestattetem Medium weggespült werden können. Diese Arbeit ist der Analyse der Entschleimungsprodukte gewidmet, die im Laboratorium durch Einwirkung einer beschränkten Menge Wassers auf rohes Öl aus Maiskeimen entstanden ist.Man scheidet zuerst die Kohlenhydrate aus der Gesamtheit der Lipide aus, die durch Waschen mit Hexan lösbar gemacht werden. Die Lösung wird getrocknet, unter reduziertem Druck verdampft und der chromatographischen Analyse auf Kieselgel vonMerck unterworfen. Nach den üblichen Behandlungen wurden die Substanzflecken durch Joddampf oder Besprühen mit Schwefelsäure sichtbar gemacht. Wir bevorzugten Rhodamin B weil wir mit diesem Entwicklungsreagenz eine Reihe von vier Flecken in Startnähe erkennen konnten, die den Lecithinen zugeordnet wurden. (Es handelt sich um Lecithin, da bei der Hydrolyse des Rohmaterials nur Cholin und keine Spur Äthanolamin, dem charakteristischen Bestandteil der Kephaline, gefunden wurde.) In der Nähe der Front lagen Substanzflecken, die sich als Sterole identifizieren ließen. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß Glyceride und Fettsäuren unter den Versuchsbedingungen nicht wandern.Als Ergänzung zur Chromatographie auf Platten hat die Gaschromatographie die Identifizierung der Fettsäuren, welche die Lecithine bilden, und der Sterole ermöglicht.

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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF A CEREBRAL HEMANGIOBLASTOMA IN A DOG     

Francois‐Xavier Liebel  Brian A. Summers  Mark Lowrie  Peter Smith  Laurent Garosi 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2013,54(2):164-167

The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of a cerebral hemangioblastoma in a 9‐year‐old dog are described. Imaging revealed a well‐defined contrast‐enhancing lesion of the rostral forebrain that appeared extraparenchymal. Histopathology of the excised mass showed clusters of small blood vessels interspersed with interstitial cells staining positive for neuronal specific enolase, features consistent with a cerebral hemangioblastoma; the mass also appeared intraparenchymal after further immunohistochemistry study. This neoplasm should be considered a rare differential diagnosis for intracranial masses in dogs.  相似文献   

Development and application of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of p,p'-DDE in human milk and comparison of the results against GC-ECD     

Hongsibsong S  Wipasa J  Pattarawarapan M  Chantara S  Stuetz W  Nosten F  Prapamontol T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(1):16-22

1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE) is the major metabolite of insecticide 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) and a persistent organic pollutant (POPs) with concerns regarding its bioaccumulation and persistence in the environment and food chain. In the present study, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ic-ELISA) specific for the detection of p,p'-DDE is described. In hapten synthesis, 2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol and glutaric anhydride were used as precursor and spacer arm, respectively. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as immunogen for mouse immunization and also conjugated to ovalbumin as coating antigen for ELISA. The developed ic-ELISA was used for detecting p,p'-DDE in human milk samples and validated against the results from conventional gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Coefficients of variation (%CV) of ELISA were 5.7-10.4% for intra-assay and 10.6-19.6% for interassay variations. The Pearson correlation coefficient of p,p'-DDE concentrations between ic-ELISA and GC-ECD was r = 0.766, which was in an acceptable range. The results indicate that the developed assay could be an alternative analytical tool for monitoring p,p'-DDE in lipimic matrices such as human milk.  相似文献   

Carotenoid diversity in cultivated citrus is highly influenced by genetic factors     

Fanciullino AL  Dhuique-Mayer C  Luro F  Casanova J  Morillon R  Ollitrault P 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(12):4397-4406

Citrus fruits are complex sources of carotenoids with more than 100 kinds of pigments reported in this genus. To understand the origin of the diversity of carotenoid compositions of citrus fruit, 25 genotypes that belong to the 8 cultivated Citrus species were analyzed. Juice extracts of mature fruit were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a C30 column. The 25 citrus genotypes presented different carotenoid profiles with 25 distinct compounds isolated. Statistical analyses revealed a strong impact of genotype on carotenoid compositions. Two kinds of classifications of genotypes were performed: on qualitative data and on quantitative data, respectively. The results showed that variability in carotenoid compositions was more interspecific than intraspecific. Two carotenoids, cis-violaxanthin and the beta-cryptoxanthin, strongly determined the classification on qualitative data, which was also in agreement with previous citrus variety classifications. These findings provide evidence that, as for other phenotypical traits, the general evolution of cultivated Citrus is the main factor of the organization of carotenoid diversity among citrus varieties. To the authors' knowledge this is the first study that links the diversity of carotenoid composition to the citrus genetic diversity. These results lead to the proposed major biosynthetic steps involved in the differential carotenoid accumulation. Possible regulation mechanisms are also discussed.  相似文献   

Effects of organic amendment on early growth performance of Jatropha curcas L. on a severely degraded site in the Sub-Sahel of Burkina Faso     

Tene Kwetche Sop  Francois Wenemi Kagambèga  Ronald Bellefontaine  Ute Schmiedel  Adjima Thiombiano 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(3):387-399

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic amendment on the germination and growth patterns of Jatropha curcas L. on completely barren and degraded land in the Sahelian area of Burkina Faso. Prior to the field trials, laboratory germination tests were undertaken to explore the impact of different pre-treatments on germination of Jatropha seeds. Seeds soaked in water for 24?h had the highest mean rate of germination (86%) while seeds that were pre-treated with sulphuric acid did not germinate. The results of the field experiment showed that plant growth and biomass development were significantly enhanced by organic amendment compared to the control. With direct seeding, 20% of the plants treated with organic manure survived after 2?years, while all seedlings of the control plot perished. In the plantations, 30% of the untreated seedlings remained alive whereas only 5% of the plants survived with amendment. The trials in unfenced plots were decimated by livestock grazing and trampling 2?months after the beginning of the experiment. This emphasizes the need to protect Jatropha plants at an early stage of their development from roaming animals. Organic amendment attracted humivorous termites, which were destructive to the seedlings. The use of pesticides may be necessary to control this problem. When directly seeded, plants of the control plots demonstrated poor growth and became rapidly diseased, further accelerating their decline. The low survival rates (5–30%) and meagre seedling performance, even for the amended plots, may be an indication that Jatropha is unsuited to severely degraded lands like the zippelé, and cannot be expected to give good yields and the claimed environmental and socio-economic benefits. However, we recommend that the performance of Jatropha on the zippelé should be further tested with other soil and water conservation techniques (half-moon, tillage, etc.) that have been shown to enhance crop production and yield on degraded lands in the Sahelo-Sudanian zone of West Africa. The impact of seed provenance on the outcome of this study is unknown. Therefore, further experiments should embrace seeds from different sources, including genotypes that are more adapted to dry conditions and might therefore show improved performance.  相似文献