A general framework for the quantification and valuation of ecosystem services of tree-based intercropping systems     

Mahbubul Alam  Alain Olivier  Alain Paquette  Jérôme Dupras  Jean-Pierre Revéret  Christian Messier 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(4):679-691

This study provides the first complete framework for the valuation of ecosystem services of agroforestry and uses a tree-based intercropping (TBI) system in southern Québec, Canada, as a case study. Ten ecosystem services were estimated, all of which were of interest and directly applicable to most agricultural systems worldwide: nutrient mineralization, water quality, soil quality, pollination, biological control, air quality, windbreak, timber provisioning, agriculture provisioning, and climate regulation. A mix of mathematical models for the quantification and economic valuation of various ecosystem services were used. The results revealed a total annual margin of $2,645 ha^?1 y^?1 (averaged over 40 years). The economic value of combined non-market services was $1,634 ha^?1 y^?1, which was higher than the value of marketable products (i.e. timber and agricultural products). An analysis of the present value suggested that agricultural products ranked highest among the ecosystem services taken singularly, followed by water quality, air quality, climate regulation, and soil quality maintenance. Total economic value of all ecosystem services for the rotation period was $54,782 ha^?1, only one third of which was contributed by agricultural products. Although the total value of the ecosystem services provided by TBI was high, farmers only benefited from agricultural and timber products. Thus, government incentives are needed to interest farmers in adopting practices that benefit society as a whole.  相似文献   

Interaction of the mutant genes B,og c,hp and t in the coloring of tomato fruit     

Thiago Matos Andrade  Wilson Roberto Maluf  Celso Mattes de Oliveira  Luiz Antônio Augusto Gomes  Daniela Costa Santos  Regis de Castro Carvalho  Ranoel José de Sousa Gonçalves  Álvaro Carlos Gonçalves Neto 《Euphytica》2015,205(3):773-783

  相似文献   

Survival and spatial fidelity of moufl on (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ovis gmelini</Emphasis>): A Bayesian analysis of an age-dependent capture-recapture model     

Jer?me?DupuisEmail author  Jacques?Badia  Marie-Line?Maublanc  Richard?Bon 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2002,7(2):277-298

We study the influence of age and sex on survival and spatial fidelity of moufl on (Ovis gmelini) in the Caroux-Espinouse massif. Survival and movement probabilities are estimated through a Bayesian analysis of an age-dependent capture-recapture model. Prior information is based on external data, namely on radio-tracked animals. Recapture rates differed between age, sexes, and areas. Whatever the area, survival of males and females less than 5 years old was high and decreased for older animals, particularly males. Female spatial fidelity was high; males were as faithful as females to their capture area in their first 2 years of life but gradually used distinct areas in two successive years as they were getting older.  相似文献   

Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks     

Côté AP  Benin AI  Ockwig NW  O'Keeffe M  Matzger AJ  Yaghi OM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5751):1166-1170

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been designed and successfully synthesized by condensation reactions of phenyl diboronic acid {C6H4[B(OH)2]2} and hexahydroxytriphenylene [C18H6(OH)6]. Powder x-ray diffraction studies of the highly crystalline products (C3H2BO)6.(C9H12)1 (COF-1) and C9H4BO2 (COF-5) revealed expanded porous graphitic layers that are either staggered (COF-1, P6(3)/mmc) or eclipsed (COF-5, P6/mmm). Their crystal structures are entirely held by strong bonds between B, C, and O atoms to form rigid porous architectures with pore sizes ranging from 7 to 27 angstroms. COF-1 and COF-5 exhibit high thermal stability (to temperatures up to 500 degrees to 600 degrees C), permanent porosity, and high surface areas (711 and 1590 square meters per gram, respectively).  相似文献   

A map of the interactome network of the metazoan C. elegans   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Li S  Armstrong CM  Bertin N  Ge H  Milstein S  Boxem M  Vidalain PO  Han JD  Chesneau A  Hao T  Goldberg DS  Li N  Martinez M  Rual JF  Lamesch P  Xu L  Tewari M  Wong SL  Zhang LV  Berriz GF  Jacotot L  Vaglio P  Reboul J  Hirozane-Kishikawa T  Li Q  Gabel HW  Elewa A  Baumgartner B  Rose DJ  Yu H  Bosak S  Sequerra R  Fraser A  Mango SE  Saxton WM  Strome S  Van Den Heuvel S  Piano F  Vandenhaute J  Sardet C  Gerstein M  Doucette-Stamm L  Gunsalus KC  Harper JW  Cusick ME  Roth FP  Hill DE  Vidal M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5657):540-543

  相似文献   

Experienced saxophonists learn to tune their vocal tracts     

Chen JM  Smith J  Wolfe J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5864):776

Acousticians have long debated whether and how the resonances of the vocal tract are involved in the playing of clarinet and saxophone. We measured the resonances of saxophonists' vocal tracts directly while they played. Over most of the instrument's range, there is no simple relation between tract resonances and the note played, and the tract resonances varied among players. In the high (altissimo) range, a strong resonance of the tracts of professional saxophonists was systematically tuned slightly above the desired note. Amateurs, who did not tune a strong resonance, were unable to play notes in the altissimo range.  相似文献   

CoRoT measures solar-like oscillations and granulation in stars hotter than the Sun     

Michel E  Baglin A  Auvergne M  Catala C  Samadi R  Baudin F  Appourchaux T  Barban C  Weiss WW  Berthomieu G  Boumier P  Dupret MA  Garcia RA  Fridlund M  Garrido R  Goupil MJ  Kjeldsen H  Lebreton Y  Mosser B  Grotsch-Noels A  Janot-Pacheco E  Provost J  Roxburgh IW  Thoul A  Toutain T  Tiphène D  Turck-Chieze S  Vauclair SD  Vauclair GP  Aerts C  Alecian G  Ballot J  Charpinet S  Hubert AM  Lignières F  Mathias P  Monteiro MJ  Neiner C  Poretti E  de Medeiros JR  Ribas I  Rieutord ML  Cortés TR  Zwintz K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5901):558-560

Oscillations of the Sun have been used to understand its interior structure. The extension of similar studies to more distant stars has raised many difficulties despite the strong efforts of the international community over the past decades. The CoRoT (Convection Rotation and Planetary Transits) satellite, launched in December 2006, has now measured oscillations and the stellar granulation signature in three main sequence stars that are noticeably hotter than the sun. The oscillation amplitudes are about 1.5 times as large as those in the Sun; the stellar granulation is up to three times as high. The stellar amplitudes are about 25% below the theoretic values, providing a measurement of the nonadiabaticity of the process ruling the oscillations in the outer layers of the stars.  相似文献   

Atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic ice cores     

Spahni R  Chappellaz J  Stocker TF  Loulergue L  Hausammann G  Kawamura K  Flückiger J  Schwander J  Raynaud D  Masson-Delmotte V  Jouzel J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5752):1317-1321

The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core enables us to extend existing records of atmospheric methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) back to 650,000 years before the present. A combined record of CH4 measured along the Dome C and the Vostok ice cores demonstrates, within the resolution of our measurements, that preindustrial concentrations over Antarctica have not exceeded 773 +/- 15 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) during the past 650,000 years. Before 420,000 years ago, when interglacials were cooler, maximum CH4 concentrations were only about 600 ppbv, similar to lower Holocene values. In contrast, the N2O record shows maximum concentrations of 278 +/- 7 ppbv, slightly higher than early Holocene values.  相似文献   

Sur le development de l'nalyse et ses rapports avec diverses sciences     

Bôcher M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1906,23(598):912

  相似文献   

Revisiting the taxonomic impediment     

de Carvalho MR  Bockmann FA  Amorim DS  de Vivo M  de Toledo-Piza M  Menezes NA  de Figueiredo JL  Castro RM  Gill AC  McEachran JD  Compagno LJ  Schelly RC  Britz R  Lundberg JG  Vari RP  Nelson G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5708):353

  相似文献