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321.
322.
Guidelines in the U.S. Department of Labor's Hazardous Occupations Order in Agriculture (AgHO) regulations state that youth can receive tractor safety certification after participating in a 10-hour course, or receive tractor and machinery safety certification after participating in a 20-hour course. An additional four hours of orientation to on-farm hazards and general safety is required to receive full certification in a 24-hour course. Previous research has shown that traditional safety education certification programs were conducted with non-standardized methods and old curriculum materials. The objective of the National Safe Tractor and Machinery Operation Program (NSTMOP) project was to design an effective, efficient, and accountable youth farm machinery certification program with national uniformity and a single set of economically producible instructional materials with demonstrated content validity. The format for the NSTMOP project was guided by focus groups, a national steering committee, and selected agricultural safety educators. Primary curriculum materials include a task sheet format, and new skills and driving evaluations. Data analysis indicates that the instructional materials, the instructional plan, and the evaluation of student participants satisfactorily met the objectives of the NSTMOP project and the AgHO regulations.  相似文献   
323.

Key message

The invasion of moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau) into neighboring Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don plantations significantly altered soil P status and dynamics. This alteration in phosphorus dynamics must be considered when assessing the ecological consequence of moso bamboo invasion in subtropical China.

Context

Moso bamboo is a native species that commonly invades into adjacent forests in Asia. Such invasions may significantly alter soil chemical characteristics because moso bamboo has very different traits compared with the tree species it displaces. However, few studies have investigated the effects of moso bamboo invasion on soil phosphorus (P) dynamics.

Aims

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of moso bamboo invasion on soil P dynamics. Specifically, we quantified soil total P, available P, acid phosphatase activity (APA), and microbial biomass P (MBP) in moso bamboo-invaded coniferous stands and compared them to uninvaded stands and pure moso bamboo stands.

Methods

We compared seasonal dynamics of soil P (e.g., total P, available P, APA, and MBP) over a 24-month period among three stand types at Lushan mountain in subtropical China: Cryptomeria japonica plantation (CR), Cryptomeria japonica plantation invaded by Phyllostachys edulis (PH-CR), and Phyllostachys edulis stand (PH).

Results

Total soil P concentration was significantly lower in PH-CR than in CR and PH stands, but soil available P concentration was significantly lower in CR and PH stands. Soil APA was significantly higher in PH-CR than in CR and PH stands. Similarly, soil MBP concentration was higher in PH-CR than in CR and PH stands. Also, soil total P, available P, APA, and MBP concentrations displayed seasonal fluctuations in PH-CR, but remained relatively stable in CR and PH stands during the 2 years.

Conclusion

The invasion of moso bamboo into adjacent C. japonica stands significantly increased soil available P, acid phosphatase activity, and microbial biomass phosphorus, but decreased soil total P. The implication of these changes to ecosystem composition, structure, and function must be explicitly considered in managing moso bamboo invasion in subtropical China.
  相似文献   
324.
Hydrogel amendments have been used to improve seedling survival and establishment particularly in dry environments. However, their effect on survival and growth of newly transplanted seedlings under varying water stress conditions is poorly known. In this regard, we examined the effects of Aqua Matrix Forestry~?, a potassium-based water-absorbent polymer, on the survival and early growth of Pinus patula seedlings planted in early-,mid-and late-dry season in the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. The late-dry season was hotter and received more rainfall than the early-and mid-dry season. Hydrogel increased seedling survival by 34 and 22% in the mid-and late-dry season, respectively. Also, hydrogel-treated seedlings were significantly taller than untreated seedlings(P \ 0.001). The height to root collar diameter ratio of hydrogel-treated seedlings was greater than that of untreated seedlings only in the mid-dry season. In conclusion, increase in survival and early growth of hydrogel-treated seedlings suggests that hydrogels can be used to extend planting beyond the rainy season to include the dry months, a feat previously unattainable due to high seedling mortality. Further, these findings reflect similar findings with other hydrogels, suggesting that improved seedling survival and plant performance may be a general consequence of hydrogel amendments.  相似文献   
325.

Key message

The suite of traits expressed as seedlings by coastal and mountain longleaf pine and south Florida slash pine suggest they can survive fire in the seedling stage. In contrast, loblolly pine and typical slash pine tolerate fire when mature but do not exhibit traits that allow them to survive fire when young, representing a different strategy for survival in frequently burned communities.

Context

Fire is an important driver in the distribution and abundance of southern US pine species, and seedling fire tolerance often determines individual survival under frequent fire regimes.

Aims

We investigated seedling growth, biomass allocation, needle distribution, bark thickness, and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) storage in taproots and related them to the expression of fire-tolerance for five species or types, including loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), two longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) types representing two distinct ecological communities (coastal and mountain) and two slash pine (P. elliottii Englem.) varieties.

Methods

We analyzed the relationship of seedling growth, biomass characteristics, and total non-structural carbohydrate storage between species by using analysis of variance.

Results

Both coastal and mountain longleaf pines had thick bark, long, densely arranged needles, and a grass-stage. South Florida slash pine shared the same suite of traits but, contrary to previous reports, displayed reduced height growth rather than a grass-stage. In contrast, loblolly pine and typical slash pine had faster height growth, more branching, lower needle density, and thinner bark. Both longleaf pines and south Florida slash pine also had higher TNC storage in taproots than either loblolly or typical slash pines.

Conclusion

The relative strength of expression of these fire-adaptation traits among the five species types generally matches the fire-return intervals associated with each species’ habitat, suggesting the importance of fire regimes in determining the distribution and abundance of the studied species.
  相似文献   
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