Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Material from Chondrus crispus and Codium fragile and Its Effect on Herpes simplex Virus (HSV-1)     

Garima Kulshreshtha  Anne-Sophie Burlot  Christel Marty  Alan Critchley  Jeff Hafting  Gilles Bedoux  Nathalie Bourgougnon  Balakrishnan Prithiviraj 《Marine drugs》2015,13(1):558-580

Codium fragile and Chondrus crispus are, respectively, green and red seaweeds which are abundant along the North Atlantic coasts. We investigated the chemical composition and antiviral activity of enzymatic extracts of C. fragile (CF) and C. crispus (CC). On a dry weight basis, CF consisted of 11% protein, 31% neutral sugars, 0.8% sulfate, 0.6% uronic acids, and 49% ash, while CC contained 27% protein, 28% neutral sugars, 17% sulfate, 1.8% uronic acids, and 25% ash. Enzyme-assisted hydrolysis improved the extraction efficiency of bioactive materials. Commercial proteases and carbohydrases significantly improved (p ≤ 0.001) biomass yield (40%–70% dry matter) as compared to aqueous extraction (20%–25% dry matter). Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis enhanced the recovery of protein, neutral sugars, uronic acids, and sulfates. The enzymatic hydrolysates exhibited significant activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) with EC₅₀ of 77.6–126.8 μg/mL for CC and 36.5–41.3 μg/mL for CF, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001 ID₅₀/cells without cytotoxity (1–200 μg/mL). The extracts obtained from proteases (P1) and carbohydrases (C3) were also effective at higher virus MOI of 0.01 ID₅₀/cells without cytotoxity. Taken together, these results indicate the potential application of enzymatic hydrolysates of C. fragile and C. crispus in functional food and antiviral drug discovery.  相似文献   

Is low-input management system a good selection environment to screen winter wheat genotypes adapted to organic farming?     

Antonin Le Campion  François-Xavier Oury  Jean-Yves Morlais  Patrice Walczak  Paul Bataillon  Olivier Gardet  Stéphane Gilles  Alexandre Pichard  Bernard Rolland 《Euphytica》2014,199(1-2):41-56

The move toward resilient and productive agriculture requires, among other innovations, the design of new sustainable farming systems in which the variety plays a main role. Plant breeding strategies adapted to organic farming conditions have to deal with limiting factors. Whereas in north-west France, it is known that trials carried out under high-input management do not give a good prediction of genotype performance in organic conditions, less is known about the relative stability of wheat genotypes between low-input (LI) and organic cropping systems. A retrospective analysis of 34 winter wheat trials conducted from 2004 to 2011 was performed to determine whether data obtained on genotypes grown under LI conditions can be used to predict genotype performance in organic (ORG) target conditions. Every year, ORG and LI (no fungicide or growth regulators, N balance sheet-60 kgN/ha, weed control with herbicides) trials including 25–30 genotypes describing a large range of genetic diversity were sown in three different agro-climatic regions across north-west France. Genotype performance in ORG management system was reduced from 25 to 40 % for yield and from 10 to 22 % for grain protein content. Estimates of genotypic values appeared to be more precise under LI than ORG conditions. Because of high genetic correlations between LI and ORG conditions, the relative efficiency of indirect selection from LI to ORG conditions was approximately 1. Spearman’s rank correlations were high (Rs = 0.54–0.92) and genotype rank inversions generally had a minor extent. However, in 2005 and 2010, almost 50 % of the lines had to be retained in LI to keep 80 % of the top 20 % of genotypes in organic conditions. Compared with previous results from high-input conditions, LI management provided a better prediction of genotype performance under ORG conditions but crossover genotype × management interactions could be observed between both systems. Overall, combining information provided from both LI and ORG crop management systems appears to be a good process for building efficient and adapted breeding schemes for ORG farming conditions.  相似文献   

The prediction of bread wheat quality: joint use of the phenotypic information brought by technological tests and the genetic information brought by HMW and LMW glutenin subunits     

François-Xavier Oury  Hubert Chiron  Annie Faye  Olivier Gardet  Alex Giraud  Emmanuel Heumez  Bernard Rolland  Michel Rousset  Maxime Trottet  Gilles Charmet  Gérard Branlard 《Euphytica》2010,171(1):87-109

Attempts have been made to predict Chopin alveograph or French bread-making tests, using tree-based models and PLS regressions. Data came from three sets of trials, involving 130, 214 and 103 different genotypes, which were described for HMW-GS, LMW-GS and small-scale tests currently used in breeding programs. Segmentation trees and PLS regressions indicated that HMW-GS and LMW-GS were not sufficient to explain alone the variability of bread wheat quality. This could be partly due to “allele × environment” and “locus × locus” interactions. For HMW-GS, Glu-B1 was the predominant locus for alveograph and French bread-baking, and some differences in the alleles hierarchy were demonstrated according to the end-use parameter considered. For LMW-GS, Glu-B3 seemed to be preponderant, with alleles b′, c and g being favourable and allele c′ unfavourable. Joint use of the information brought by glutenin subunits and technological tests did not enable to predict satisfactorily, neither the different parameters of French bread-baking, nor the extensibility L of alveograph. Only the prediction of the strength W proved reliable, and robust PLS equations were proposed for this alveograph parameter. These prediction equations could be of interest to select for high values of W in the mid generations of breeding.  相似文献   

Bean leafroll virus (BLRV) in Argentina: molecular characterization and detection in alfalfa fields     

Verónica Trucco  Soledad de Breuil  Nicolás Bejerman  Sergio Lenardon  Fabián Giolitti 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2016,146(1):207-212

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IBR and BVD control: the key to successful herd management     

Makoschey B  Franken P  Mars JM  Dubois E  Schroeder C  Thiry J  Alvarez M  Rypuła K  Cavirani S  Arnaiz I  Houtain JY  Bartak P  Brownlie J  Wolf G  Meyer G  Klees W  Beer M  Moennig V  Thiry E 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2010,123(11-12):519-21, 516-8

Control of IBR and BVD should be possible in Europe. Effective vaccines and reliable tools for monitoring are available. Systematic approach and strict implementation of control measures are essential. Voluntary or mandatory programs are ongoing on regional or national level in a lot of countries. Successful programs put pressure on surrounding regions/countries to initiate control program as well.  相似文献   

Indirect immunofluorescence test using polyclonal antibodies for the detection of Taylorella equigenitalis     

M.F. Breuil  F. Duquesne  C. Sévin  C. Laugier  S. Petry 《Research in veterinary science》2010,88(3):369-371

Contagious equine metritis is a horse disease that causes endometrial inflammation due to Taylorella equigenitalis. Since Taylorella asinigenitalis was characterized, genital swab culture has proved to be an insufficient method for distinguishing between the two Taylorella species. Here, we developed an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test using polyclonal antibodies. Specificity, sensitivity, and detection limit were assessed using isolated bacteria (55 T. equigenitalis strains, 46 T. asinigenitalis strains and 18 other bacterial species), experimental and genital swabs in comparison to bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Our results indicated that IIF using polyclonal antibodies allows T. equigenitalis to be discriminated from T. asinigenitalis. This test constitutes a rapid, sensitive and specific tool for confirming presumptive colonies of T. equigenitalis.  相似文献   

Forest tree genomics: 10 achievements from the past 10 years and future prospects     

Christophe Plomion  Catherine Bastien  Marie-Béatrice Bogeat-Triboulot  Laurent Bouffier  Annabelle Déjardin  Sébastien Duplessis  Bruno Fady  Myriam Heuertz  Anne-Laure Le Gac  Grégoire Le Provost  Valérie Legué  Marie-Anne Lelu-Walter  Jean-Charles Leplé  Stéphane Maury  Alexandre Morel  Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio  Gilles Pilate  Léopoldo Sanchez  Ivan Scotti  Caroline Scotti-Saintagne  Vincent Segura  Jean-François Trontin  Corinne Vacher 《Annals of Forest Science》2016,73(1):77-103

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Mastitis of dairy small ruminants     

Bergonier D  de Crémoux R  Rupp R  Lagriffoul G  Berthelot X 《Veterinary research》2003,34(5):689-716

Staphylococci are the main aetiological agents of small ruminants intramammary infections (IMI), the more frequent isolates being S. aureus in clinical cases and coagulase negative species in subclinical IMI. The clinical IMI, whose annual incidence is usually lower than 5%, mainly occur at the beginning of machine milking and during the first third of lactation. These features constitute small ruminant peculiarities compared to dairy cattle. Small ruminant mastitis is generally a chronic and contagious infection: the primary sources are mammary and cutaneous carriages, and spreading mainly occurs during milking. Somatic cell counts (SCC) represent a valuable tool for prevalence assessment and screening, but predictive values are better in ewes than in goats. Prevention is most often based on milking machine management, sanitation and annual control, and milking technique optimisation. Elimination mainly relies on culling animals exhibiting clinical, chronic and recurrent IMI, and on drying-off intramammary antibiotherapy; this treatment allows a good efficacy and may be used selectively by targeting infected udders only. Heritability values for lactation mean SCC scores are between 0.11 and 0.15. Effective inclusion of ewe's mastitis resistance in the breeding goal has recently been implemented in France following experimental and large scale estimations of genetic parameters for SCC scores.  相似文献   

Lactoferrin against Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis. Lactoferrin alone or in combination with penicillin G on bovine polymorphonuclear function and mammary epithelial cells colonisation by Staphylococcus aureus     

Diarra MS  Petitclerc D  Deschênes E  Lessard N  Grondin G  Talbot BG  Lacasse P 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2003,95(1-2):33-42

Antibiotics should combine good antibacterial activity and the capacity to work in association with the host defence system. In this study, we have investigated the effects of bovine lactoferrin alone or in combination with penicillin G on the phagocytic activity of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes against Staphylococcus aureus. We have shown that susceptibility of S. aureus to phagocytosis was decreased in the presence of penicillin in the medium. In a kinetic study, lactoferrin alone did not affect phagocytosis but, when used with penicillin, it reversed the negative effect of this antibiotic on phagocytosis. In addition, in an epithelial invasion assay, lactoferrin alone or in combination with penicillin reduced the invasion of mammary epithelial cells in culture by S. aureus. Lactating female CD-1 mice were infected by intra-mammary delivery of a virulent penicillin-susceptible S. aureus strain and were then randomly assigned to treatments according to a 2 x 2 factorial design. In this mouse mastitis model, 2 days of systemic treatments with lactoferrin and/or penicillin did not lead to a total clearance of infection by S. aureus, but bacterial number was significantly reduced by treatments with lactoferrin or penicillin. These data suggest that bovine lactoferrin, alone or in combination with penicillin G, enhances S. aureus susceptibility to immuno-defense mechanisms, which can be beneficial in the treatment of S. aureus infections.  相似文献   

Bacterial contamination of colostrum fed to newborn calves in Québec dairy herds          下载免费PDF全文

Fecteau G  Baillargeon P  Higgins R  Paré J  Fortin M 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2002,43(7):523-527

A convenience sample of 234 colostral specimens, collected directly from the nursing bottle immediately prior to the first feeding, was studied. Samples originated from 6 farms and were collected over 24 months. Routine bacteriologic techniques were used to quantify the bacterial load of the colostrum, as well as to identify the bacteria. Overall, at least 1 microorganism was cultured from 221 colostral samples (94.4%). By using the upper tolerance level of 100,000 bacteria/mL, 84 samples (35.9%) were considered contaminated. Staphylococcus spp. (57.7%), gram-negative rods (47.9%), coliforms (44.0%), and Streptococcus uberis (20.5%) were among the most frequently isolated bacteria. The relative risk (RR) of contamination with more than 100,000 bacteria/mL was significantly greater in warm months [RR = 2.55, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.63 to 4.02] than in cool months and in colostrum offered to male calves (RR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.09 to 2.20). Bacterial load was also associated with the farm of origin (P < 0.0001). When assessing colostrum management, one should consider bacterial contamination. Multiple factors are likely associated with the degree of contamination, and farm-specific factors may be important. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the impact of bacterial contamination of colostrum on neonatal health.  相似文献