Bioindication and modelling of atmospheric deposition in forests enable exposure and effect monitoring at high spatial density across scales     

Winfried Schröder  Stefan Nickel  Simon Schönrock  Roman Schmalfuß  Werner Wosniok  Michaela Meyer  Harry Harmens  Marina V. Frontasyeva  Renate Alber  Julia Aleksiayenak  Lambe Barandovski  Oleg Blum  Alejo Carballeira  Maria Dam  Helena Danielsson  Ludwig De Temmermann  Anatoly M. Dunaev  Barbara Godzik  Katrin Hoydal  Zvonka Jeran  Gunilla Pihl Karlsson  Pranvera Lazo  Sebastien Leblond  Jussi Lindroos  Siiri Liiv  Sigurður H. Magnússon  Blanka Mankovska  Encarnación Núñez-Olivera  Juha Piispanen  Jarmo Poikolainen  Ion V. Popescu  Flora Qarri  Jesus Miguel Santamaria  Mitja Skudnik  Zdravko Špirić  Trajce Stafilov  Eiliv Steinnes  Claudia Stihi  Ivan Suchara  Lotti Thöni  Hilde Thelle Uggerud  Harald G. Zechmeister 《Annals of Forest Science》2017,74(2):31

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Transglutaminase catalyzed cross-linking of sodium caseinate improves oxidative stability of flaxseed oil emulsion     

Ma H  Forssell P  Kylli P  Lampi AM  Buchert J  Boer H  Partanen R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(24):6223-6229

Sodium caseinate was modified by transglutaminase catalyzed cross-linking reaction prior to the emulsification process in order to study the effect of cross-linking on the oxidative stability of protein stabilized emulsions. The extent of the cross-linking catalyzed by different dosages of transglutaminase was investigated by following the ammonia production during the reaction and using SDS-PAGE gel. O/W emulsions prepared with the cross-linked and non-cross-linked sodium caseinates were stored for 30 days under the same conditions. Peroxide value measurement, oxygen consumption measurement, and headspace gas chromatography analysis were used to study the oxidative stability of the emulsions. The emulsion made of the cross-linked sodium caseinate showed an improved oxidative stability with reduced formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides and volatiles and a longer period of low rate oxygen consumption. The improving effect of transglutaminase catalyzed cross-linking could be most likely attributed to the enhanced physical stability of the interfacial protein layer against competitive adsorption by oil oxidation products.  相似文献   

Mapping Atmospheric Corrosion on Materials of Archaeological Importance in Athens     

Harry D. Kambezidis  George Kalliampakos 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(5):2169-2180

Atmospheric pollution is known to induce corrosion effects on various materials. For Greece, stone deterioration could emerge severe costs in the case of damaging cultural monuments. This work aims to investigate the corrosion process on materials of archaeological importance (marble, limestone, and sandstone) in the Greater Athens Area (GAA) by using sophisticated geoanalytical methods together with dose?Cresponse functions for selected materials, in order to derive corrosion maps for GAA in the period 2000?C2009. Also, a corrosion trend analysis is performed, which can be a very helpful tool for the prediction of potential risks to monuments of cultural heritage due to atmospheric pollution. The corrosion effects on the selected materials are generally weak. Nevertheless, increasing corrosion trends are found in the eastern regions of GAA for all sheltered materials and in the northern parts of GAA for unsheltered marble. The technique is finally applied to 12 locations in GAA, which include some of the most important archaeological monuments of Athens, and provides comprehensive results for the estimation of the impact of atmospheric corrosion on the structural materials of these archaeological sites.  相似文献   

Charge modifications to improve the emulsifying properties of whey protein isolate     

Ma H  Forssell P  Partanen R  Buchert J  Boer H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(24):13246-13253

Whey protein isolate was modified by ethylene diamine in order to shift its isoelectric point to an alkaline pH. The extent of the modification was studied using SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The modified whey proteins were used as an emulsifier to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions at acidic and neutral pH ranges, and their emulsifying properties were compared with that of the unmodified whey proteins and with the previously studied ethylene diamine modified sodium caseinate. The emulsifying activity of the modified whey proteins was similar to that of the unmodified ones, but the stability of an emulsion at pH 5 was significantly improved after the modification. Charge and coverage of droplet surface and the displacement of the interfacial proteins by surfactant Tween 20 were further studied as a function of pH. As compared with the unmodified whey proteins, the modified ones were proven to cover the interface more efficiently with extensive surface charge at pH 5, although the interfacial layer was less resistant to the surfactant displacement.  相似文献   

New insights into an ancient antibrowning agent: formation of sulfophenolics in sodium hydrogen sulfite-treated potato extracts     

Narváez-Cuenca CE  Kuijpers TF  Vincken JP  de Waard P  Gruppen H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(18):10247-10255

The effect of sodium hydrogen sulfite (S), used as antibrowning agent, on the phenolic profile of potato extracts was investigated. This extract was compared to one obtained in the presence of ascorbic acid (A). In the presence of A, two major compounds were obtained, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and 4-O-caffeoyl quinic acid. With S, their 2'-sulfo-adducts were found instead, the structures of which were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Also, for minor caffeoyl derivatives and quercetin glycosides, the corresponding sulfo-adducts were observed. Feruloyl and sinapoyl derivatives were not chemically affected by the presence of S. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was thought to be responsible for the formation of the sulfo-adducts. This was confirmed by preparing 2'-sulfo-5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid in a model system using 5-CQA, sodium hydrogen sulfite, and PPO. This sulfo-adduct exhibited a small bathochromic shift (λmax 329 nm) as compared to 5-CQA (λmax 325 nm) and a strong hypochromic shift with an extinction coefficient of 9357±395 M(-1) cm(-1) as compared to 18494±196 M(-1) cm(-1), respectively. The results suggest that whenever S is used as an antibrowning agent, the O-quinone formed with PPO reacts with S to produce sulfo-O-diphenol, which does not participate in browning reactions.  相似文献   

Effect of saccharide structure and size on the degree of substitution and product dispersity of α-lactalbumin glycated via the Maillard reaction     

ter Haar R  Schols HA  Gruppen H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(17):9378-9385

The course of the Maillard reaction between α-lactalbumin and various mono- and oligosaccharides in the solid state was studied using UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS. Individual reaction products were monitored for their degree of substitution per protein molecule (DSP). The Maillard reaction rate depended on the saccharide type and decreased when the saccharide size increased. Conjugation with charged saccharides was hindered when a specific average DSP was reached, probably resulting from electrostatic repulsion. The DSP varied between 0 and 15, and the standard deviation of the average DSP, which is a measure for product dispersity, increased to 1.9. Similar experiments were performed with a dipeptide. Relative reaction rates in these experiments were 1 for glucose, 0.28 for maltose, and 0.16 for maltotriose. Comparison of the results obtained using α-lactalbumin and the dipeptide made clear that the Maillard reaction rate is determined by a number of factors, including saccharide reactivity and lysine accessibility.  相似文献   

Nutrient source and tillage influences on nitrogen availability in a Southern Piedmont corn cropping system     

Harry H. Schomberg  Dinku M. Endale  Michael B. Jenkins  Dwight S. Fisher 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(7):823-831

Poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus L.) litter (PL) is a readily available nutrient source for crop production in the Southeast USA. Long-term PL application may alter availability of N and the effect may be dependent on tillage practice. Tillage [no till (NT) vs. conventional (CT)] and N source (PL vs. commercial fertilizer CF) effects on N availability and plant uptake were evaluated in years 9, 10, and 11 of a long-term cropping systems study at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, J. Phil Campbell Sr. Natural Resource Conservation Center, Watkinsville, GA, USA. Mineral N in the top 10 cm, measured in situ, varied each year and was influenced by time, tillage, and N source. In 2003 (year 9), soil mineral N content was greater in CT–CF (100 kg ha⁻¹) than in NT–PL (95 kg ha⁻¹) but in 2004 (year 10) and 2005 (year 11) it was lower in CT–CF (93 and 60 kg ha⁻¹) compared to NT–PL (140 and 71 kg ha⁻¹). Nitrogen mineralization rates were generally greater for PL than for CF treatments with the difference being almost 1 kg ha⁻¹ day⁻¹ in 2003. Mineralization rates were greater for NT–PL compared to CT–CF in 2004 and 2005. Across the three growing seasons, corn (Zea mays L.) aboveground biomass was consistently greater in the NT–PL treatment than in the NT–CF and CT–CF treatments. Correlation between aboveground biomass and N mineralization was greater for PL than for CF (0.75 vs. 0.48). Patterns of N mineralization and total soil mineral N indicated that the distribution of N through the growing season more closely matched corn N demand in PL treatments. Results indicate that improved N availability through the growing season, by combining NT and PL, can result in more profitable corn production in the southeast.  相似文献   

Comparative repeatability of pancreatic lipase assays in the commercial and in-house laboratory environments     

Harry Cridge  Andrew J. Mackin  Jonathan A. Lidbury  Jan S. Suchodolski  Jörg M. Steiner 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2020,34(3):1150-1156

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Nutrient uptake and yield of sweet pepper as affected by stage of development and N form     

Hector R. Marti  Harry A. Mills 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(11):1165-1175

Uptake of NO₃ ^‐, NH₄ ⁺, P, K⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺ and Mg⁺⁺, as influenced by the stage of plant development and three NO₃ ^‐: NH₄ ⁺ ratios (1: 0, 1: 1, and 0: 1), was determined for sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. ‘California Wonder'). Uptake was highest during fruit development and immediately after fruit harvest, indicating that fruit removal promotes nutrient uptake. When NO₃ ^‐ and NH₄ ⁺ were supplied in equal concentrations, NO₃ ^‐ was absorbed more readily. Each increment in NH₄ ⁺ decreased the uptake of K⁺, Ca⁺⁺, and Mg⁺⁺ by fruit tissue, while no significant effect on the N and P content of the fruit was observed. Ammonium nutrition reduced plant dry weight and fruit yield in comparison to NO₃ ^‐. Results from this study suggest that NO₃ ^‐ is the preferred N form, and that fertilizer application should be scheduled according to specific physiological stages to maximize nutrient uptake. Nutrient content of vegetative tissue was not indicative of potential yield.  相似文献   

Calcium uptake and concentration in bell pepper plants as influenced by nitrogen form and stages of development     

Hector R. Marti  Harry A. Mills 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(11):1177-1185

Calcium uptake by bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. ‘California Wonder') varied by stage of plant development and N form supplied (NO₃ ^‐NH₄ ⁺ ratios: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) in a hydroponic study. Uptake of Ca⁺⁺ was highest at bloom and during fruit expansion, making the fruit development stage the highest demand period. Calcium uptake declined with each increasing increment of NH₄ ⁺ relative to NO₃ ^‐ supplied, although fruit yield was not significantly reduced until the ratio of NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^‐ exceeded 50%. Tissue Ca⁺⁺ levels in the blossom‐end of the fruit were reduced whenever NH₄ ⁺ was included with N supplied. Vegetative yield of plants followed the same trend as that observed for total fruit dry weights. Our results indicate that pepper yields are higher when NO₃ ^‐ is the predominant form of N. Also, these results strongly suggest that Ca⁺⁺ fertilizer applications should precede the bloom period and continue during fruit development to ensure adequate Ca⁺⁺ availability for fruit development.  相似文献