Environmental impact mitigation and bi-culture: a comparative legal analysis of flexibility within European legal regimes – biofilter deployment     

Hannah White  Helen Glenn 《Aquaculture International》2006,14(3):297-317

This paper investigates the potential flexibility within the current legal frameworks governing marine aquaculture across Europe to cater for the installation and management of marine biofilters alongside fish farms. The basis for debate is that deployment of these biofilters could be used to facilitate environmental impact mitigation. Furthermore, they have the potential to facilitate the development of bi-culture or polyculture through the harvesting of species from the biofilters themselves, for example, mussels (Mytilus edulis). This study explores the flexibility within and suitability of the current legal systems within Europe to cater for the specific technology’s adoption and management. The challenges identified from the legislative and policy frameworks are discussed along with the applicability of these to the use of biofilters for the development of bi-culture. Penultimately, recommendations are made as to where additional measures are needed and the challenges and difficulties that such measures will need to overcome before biofilters can be applied for environmental impact mitigation. Finally, the paper illustrates an application of ‘Comparative Legal Analysis’, demonstrating links to the question in hand and through so doing to wider coastal issues.  相似文献   

Big impacts from small abstractions: The effects of surface water abstraction on freshwater fish assemblages     

Nixie C. Boddy  Kevin M. Fraley  Helen J. Warburton  Phillip G. Jellyman  Doug J. Booker  Dave Kelly  Angus R. McIntosh 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(1):159-172

1. Abstractions and diversions are prevalent in river networks worldwide; however, specific mechanisms and measures reflecting changes in functional characteristics of aquatic assemblages in response to flow abstraction have not been well established. In particular, the influence of small takes on fish assemblages is poorly understood.
2. Field surveys and stable‐isotope analyses were used to evaluate the impact of differing levels of flow abstraction on fish assemblage structure, and native–non‐native patterns of coexistence, associated with small surface water abstractions in four streams in New Zealand. Study design accounted for longitudinal processes (spatial autocorrelation) to isolate the effects of abstractions on fish assemblages.
3. Reaches with reduced flows downstream of abstraction points had significantly lower fish abundances per metre of stream length, probably because of decreased habitat size, altered interspecific interactions and barriers to movement. The loss of larger fish in reaches with high abstraction resulted in shallower mass–abundance slopes and shorter stable isotope‐derived food‐chain lengths, likely to have been caused by fewer trophic links in the food web. The large fish absent from these reaches were flow‐sensitive introduced salmonids, resulting in higher relative abundances of small‐bodied native fish, probably as a result of predatory and competitive release.
4. Quantification of metrics designed to characterize ecosystem functioning as well as abundance and species composition indicated that small water abstractions can alter both the structure and composition of stream fish assemblages and modify the outcomes of native–non‐native species interactions. Thus, a better understanding of the effects of small abstractions could be used to improve the strategic management of fish in invaded riverscapes.

  相似文献   

Hyperostotic bone disease in red pandas (Ailurus fulgens).     

Michael Lynch  Helen McCracken  Ronald Slocombe 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2002,33(3):263-271

Three adult red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) developed multiple periarticular exostoses in their elbow joints. Two of these animals also had extensive periosteal new bone formation and osteosclerosis of the ulnae and radii and mild periosteal new bone deposition on the femurs. One animal also showed extensive hyperostosis of the cranium and mandibles. Dietary concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were estimated to be adequate, but dietary vitamin A and D appeared excessive when compared with recommended levels for this species. Serum vitamin A concentrations were not elevated in the two most severely affected animals, but their liver vitamin A content was higher than what is considered normal for most domestic animal species. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations were within normal ranges for domestic species. A definitive diagnosis for the cause of the lesions was not established, but hypervitaminosis A was suspected.  相似文献   

Spatial patterns of soil nutrients,plant diversity,and aboveground biomass in the Inner Mongolia grassland: before and after a biodiversity removal experiment     

Fei Yuan  Jianguo Wu  Ang Li  Helen Rowe  Yongfei Bai  Jianhui Huang  Xingguo Han 《Landscape Ecology》2015,30(9):1737-1750

  相似文献   

澳大利亚"恐龙植物"出击全球市场     

Helen Moody  钟云芳 《中国花卉园艺》2006,(13):51

4月1日,澳大利亚开始对“恐龙植物”——瓦勒迈杉(WollemiPine)进行解禁,开放销售,很快,其他国家陆续开始引进瓦勒迈杉。瓦勒迈杉属南洋杉科,是世界最古老的物种之一,与恐龙同时出现在侏罗纪时代,距今已有将近两亿年。以前考古学家曾多次找到过该树种的化石。不过,长期以来人们  相似文献   

Intraspecific hybridization in Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis I. Performance for growth and form traits     

Amal J. Johnston  Mark J. Dieters  Heidi S. Dungey  Helen M. Wallace 《Euphytica》2003,129(2):147-157

Inter-provenance hybrids of Pinuscaribaea var. hondurensis wereprogeny tested in Queensland, Australia inorder to assess the feasibility ofincorporating some desirable traits intothe local breeding population, consistinglargely of a single upland provenanceMountain Pine Ridge (MPR). Data onphenotypic traits up to seven years fromplanting revealed that an inter-provenancehybrid, MPR × coastal had greater diameter,straightness and wind-firmness, and fewerramicorns than the MPR control provenance.The data were mostly consistent for twowidely separated sites, and also whenpooled across those sites (p <0.05). In addition, hybrid vigor for treevolume was apparent (p < 0.05).Trees of coastal × Guanaja Island, and purecoastal provenances were as large as thoseof the MPR provenance but had fewerramicorns. Even though the coastal ×Guanaja provenance seemed to produce treesthat were more crooked than the MPRprovenance, there was evidence at leastwithin one site to suggest that the hybridtrees were superior in terms ofwind-firmness (p < 0.01). Breedingfor hybrid vigor and pedigree selection ofthe priority hybrid, MPR × coastal aresuggested as future measures. Pureprovenance populations of coastal andGuanaja island are to be bred as sublinesto the MPR breeding population for futureuse in inter-provenance hybridization andfor gene conservation.  相似文献   

Acrylamide in roasted almonds and hazelnuts     

Amrein TM  Lukac H  Andres L  Perren R  Escher F  Amadò R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(20):7819-7825

The influences of composition and roasting conditions on acrylamide formation in almonds and hazelnuts were investigated. Eighteen samples of almonds originating from the U.S. and Europe were analyzed for sugars and free amino acids, and acrylamide formed during roasting was determined. Asparagine was the main free amino acid in raw almonds and correlated with the acrylamide content of dark roasted almonds. Roasting temperature was another key factor and had a very strong influence on acrylamide formation. Almonds of European origin contained significantly less free asparagine and formed significantly less acrylamide during roasting as compared to the almonds from the U.S. Roasted hazelnuts contained very little acrylamide because of the low content of free asparagine in the raw nut. Reducing sugars, although being consumed much faster than free amino acids in both types of nuts, were not decisive for the extent of acrylamide formation during roasting.  相似文献   

Effect of kilning on the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of pale malts     

Woffenden HM  Ames JM  Chandra S  Anese M  Nicoli MC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(17):4925-4933

Pale malts were prepared using standard and rapid kilning regimes that differed in the temperature and moisture profiles in the kiln. Samples were taken over the last 9 h of kilning, that is, at 18, 20, 22, 25, and 27 h. Antioxidant activity, assessed by redox potential, scavenging of the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS*+), and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), increased at moisture levels below 6.7% for both regimes. The 27 h malt exposed to the rapid regime (moisture content of 4.8%) had a higher activity than the 27 h standard regime sample (moisture content of 4.8%). None of the malts scavenged oxygen. Pro-oxidant activity profiles were different for the malts obtained using each regime and, at 27 h, the rapid procedure gave malt with higher activity. Levels of (+)-catechin and ferulic acid (the most abundant phenolic compounds identified) generally increased as the moisture content of malt fell below 6.7%. Differences in antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of the 27 h malts are partly attributed to the Maillard reaction, as evidenced by lower L* and higher b* values and higher levels of Maillard-derived flavor compounds, in the sample obtained by the rapid procedure. Levels of lipid-derived flavor compounds were significantly higher after 27 h of kilning using the rapid procedure.  相似文献   

Dynamic Modelling of Spatially Variable Catchment Hydrochemistry for Critical Loads Assessment     

Helen J. Foster  Matthew J. Lees  Howard S. Wheater  Colin Neal  Brian Reynolds 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):1283-1288

Concern about acidification in upland areas has brought about the need to model the stream hydrochemical response to deposition and land-use changes and calculate critical loads. Application of dynamic models such as MAGIC are preferable to steady-state methods, since they are able to produce an estimate of the time scale required to meet some water chemistry target given a reduction in acid deposition. These models typically consider annual changes in stream chemistry at one point. However, in order to protect biota from 'acid episodes', quantification of temporal variability needs to encompass event responses; in addition spatial variability across the catchment also needs to be considered. In this paper, modelling of both spatial and temporal variability is combined in a new framework which enables quantification of catchment hydrochemical variability in time and space. Both low and high flow hydro-chemical variability are quantified in terms of statistical distributions of ANC (Acid Neutralisation Capacity). These are then input as stochastic variables to an EMMA (End-Member Mixing Analysis) model which accounts for temporal variability and ANC is hence predicted as a function of time and space across the whole catchment using Monte-Carlo simulation. The method is linked to MAGIC to predict future scenarios and may be used by iteration to calculate critical loads. The model is applied to the headwaters of the River Severn at Plynlimon, Wales, to demonstrate its capabilities.  相似文献   

Eco1-dependent cohesin acetylation during establishment of sister chromatid cohesion     

Rolef Ben-Shahar T  Heeger S  Lehane C  East P  Flynn H  Skehel M  Uhlmann F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5888):563-566

Replicated chromosomes are held together by the chromosomal cohesin complex from the time of their synthesis in S phase onward. This requires the replication fork-associated acetyl transferase Eco1, but Eco1's mechanism of action is not known. We identified spontaneous suppressors of the thermosensitive eco1-1 allele in budding yeast. An acetylation-mimicking mutation of a conserved lysine in cohesin's Smc3 subunit makes Eco1 dispensable for cell growth, and we show that Smc3 is acetylated in an Eco1-dependent manner during DNA replication to promote sister chromatid cohesion. A second set of eco1-1 suppressors inactivate the budding yeast ortholog of the cohesin destabilizer Wapl. Our results indicate that Eco1 modifies cohesin to stabilize sister chromatid cohesion in parallel with a cohesion establishment reaction that is in principle Eco1-independent.  相似文献