Reflection and transmission of visible light by sugi wood: effects of cellular structure and densification     

Hiroyuki Sugimoto  Sakiko Kawabuchi  Masatoshi Sugimori  Joseph Gril 《Journal of Wood Science》2018,64(6):738-744

Transmittance and reflectance of visible light by sugi wood (Cryptomeria japonica) were investigated in the longitudinal (L) and tangential (T) directions. Transmittance was the highest in the L direction and reflectance was the highest in the T direction, suggesting that structural anisotropy influences transmittance and reflectance. Intra-ring variations observed with a microspectrometer indicated that T transmittance was higher for latewood than for earlywood, but there was no such trend in for L transmittance in which the highest levels occurred near the annual ring boundaries, on either the earlywood or latewood side, and the lowest at the transition from earlywood to latewood. Dependence of L transmittance on wavelength also showed variations according to the intra-ring position. The increasing of transmittance of earlywood at wavelengths?<?500 nm with increasing wavelength was observed, but this was not confirmed for latewood because of absorption by lignin. These observations supported a previously published finding, which was based on measurements in the radial direction, that the number of internal cell wall reflections, rather than density, determines wood lightness. Indeed, in the L direction, most of the incident light passes through lumens in earlywood and through cell walls in latewood, while it is subjected to numerous internal reflections at the interface between lumens and cell walls. This was further confirmed by the transmittance of earlywood being greatly decreased by radial compression.  相似文献   

Studies on supplementary desalted mother liquor on digestibility of nutrients,ruminal fermentation,and energy and nitrogen balance in Thai native cattle          下载免费PDF全文

Takashi Sakai  Wanna Angthong  Motoharu Takeda  Kazato Oishi  Hiroyuki Hirooka  Hajime Kumagai 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(9):1337-1345

Four Thai native steers were used to determine the adequate levels of supplementary desalted mother liquor (DML) for energy and nitrogen balances and ruminal fermentation. The crude protein and sodium chloride contents of DML were 25.5% and 60.3% on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively. A 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment was conducted by adding different amounts of DML to three experimental diets (T1: 1.1%, T2: 2.2%, T3: 3.4% sodium chloride concentration with supplementary DML on a DM basis) and comparing their effects with those of a control diet (C) containing 1.0% commercial salt on a DM basis. The animals were given the experimental diets and rice straw daily at 1.2% and 0.8% of body weight, respectively, on a DM basis. No significant differences in the apparent digestibility of nutrients were observed among treatments. T3 achieved the lowest nitrogen retention (P < 0.05), followed by C, T2 and T1. The ratios of energy retention to gross energy were higher in T1 and T3 than T2, and that in C was lowest (P < 0.05). Supplementary NaCl concentration at 1% and 2% can be replaced with DML without an adverse effect on the digestibility of nutrients or on the nitrogen and energy retention.  相似文献   

Effects of polyethylene glycol and a synthetic ice blocker during vitrification of immature porcine oocytes on survival and subsequent embryo development          下载免费PDF全文

Elisa Caroline da Silva Santos  Tamas Somfai  Ruth Appeltant  Thanh Quang Dang‐Nguyen  Junko Noguchi  Hiroyuki Kaneko  Kazuhiro Kikuchi 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(8):1042-1048

We evaluated the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Supercool X‐1000 (SC) as supplements during the vitrification of immature cumulus‐enclosed porcine oocytes in a solution based on 17.5% ethylene glycol + 17.5% propylene glycol. After warming, the oocytes were subjected to in vitro maturation, fertilization and embryo culture. In Experiment 1, equilibration and vitrification solutions were supplemented with or without 2% (w/v) PEG (PEG+ and PEG‐, respectively). The survival rate, cleavage and blastocyst development were similar between PEG+ and PEG‐ groups; however, all values were lower than those in the non‐vitrified control. In Experiment 2, vitrification solution was supplemented with or without 1% (v/v) SC (SC+ and SC‐, respectively). The percentages of survival and blastocyst development were similar between SC+ and SC‐ groups but lower than those in the non‐vitrified control. The percentage of cleavage in the SC‐ group was significantly lower than the control and the SC+ groups, which were in turn similar to one another. In both experiments, the cell numbers in blastocysts were not significantly different among the non‐vitrified and vitrified groups. In conclusion, PEG did not improve oocyte survival and embryo development, whereas SC improved the ability of surviving oocytes to cleave but not to develop into blastocysts.  相似文献   

Changes in the pH,EC, available P,SOC and TN stocks in a single rice paddy after long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic matters in a cold temperate region of Japan     

Weiguo Cheng  Agnes T. Padre  Hiroyuki Shiono  Chizuru Sato  Toan Nguyen-Sy  Keitaro Tawaraya  Katsumi Kumagai 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(7):1834-1842

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Pulmonary Injury from Waterproofing Spray During a Hike     

Tomonori Harada  Yukio Hirabayashi  Yuriko Takayama-Isagawa  Hiroto Sakamoto  Makoto Kawaishi  Hiroyuki Hara  Shin Aizawa 《The Forestry Chronicle》2017,28(4):327-331

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Decline of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis> Parlat. stands due to excess soil moisture caused by a buried andosol layer at a coastal sand site in Hokkaido,northern Japan     

Kazuhiko Masaka  Hiroyuki Torita  Hirokazu Sato  Hirokazu Kon  Hajime Sato  Minoru Fukuchi 《Journal of Forest Research》2010,15(5):341-346

To demonstrate the effect of excess soil moisture on the decline of a coastal Pinus thunbergii stand in Oshamanbe, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan, soil moisture content was monitored for 4 years. The saturated hydraulic conductivities (K _S) of different soil types (coastal sand, supplied topsoil, and buried concreted andosol) and the distribution of the buried concreted andosol layer were investigated. We also examined needle length to verify the real-time response of P. thunbergii to excess soil moisture. Soil moisture content at the heavily damaged site was more heterogeneous than that at the slightly damaged site, and a sensor near the ground always reported a higher soil moisture content at the heavily damaged site than at the slightly damaged site. The buried concreted andosol layer was always found at the heavily damaged site. The K _S of the andosol layer was 10⁻⁵, suggesting that this layer is less permeable to water, leading to excess soil moisture at this site. P. thunbergii needles from the heavily damaged site were shorter than those from the slightly damaged site, possibly because of water stress. Together with other symptoms observed at the study sites, i.e., crown dieback and intense lateral growth, this information leads us to conclude that the decline of P. thunbergii stands at the heavily damaged site in Oshamanbe was caused by excess soil moisture due to the less permeable buried concreted andosol layer.  相似文献   

Survey and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in owned companion animal, dogs and cats, in Japan     

Yoshiuchi R  Matsubayashi M  Kimata I  Furuya M  Tani H  Sasai K 《Veterinary parasitology》2010,174(3-4):313-316

Compared with other countries, surveys of these parasites have been rarely performed in companion animals of Japan in spite of their significance for public health. Here, we investigated pet dogs and cats in Japan for the first time, and genetically analyzed the isolates to evaluate the risk of zoonotic infections. Seventy-seven fecal samples were collected from privately owned dogs and 55 samples from owned cats in Osaka city, Japan. Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in 3/77 dogs (3.9%) and 7/55 cats (12.7%), and Giardia infection in 2/77 dogs (2.6%) and 1/55 cats (1.8%). Amplification of the target regions for genotyping was successful, Cryptosporidium isolates in dogs and cats were identified as C. canis and C. felis, respectively, and those of Giardia in dogs and cats were G. intestinalis Assemblages D and F. The discharge period of the oocysts varied within 3-16 weeks and that of the cysts was 12 weeks. To date, zoonotic types of both parasites have been identified in other animals in Japan, and further large-scale studies are needed to determine the distribution of zoonotic genotypes in these animals, especially those closely associated with humans.  相似文献   

Induction of apoptotic lesions in liver and lymphoid tissues and modulation of cytokine mRNA expression by acute exposure to deoxynivalenol in piglets     

Osamu Mikami  Hiroyuki Yamaguchi  Hideo Murata  Yasuyuki Nakajima  Shigeru Miyazaki 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2010,11(2):107-113

Six 1-month-old piglets were intravenously injected with deoxynivalenol (DON) at the concentration of 1 mg/kg body weight, with three pigs each necropsied at 6 and 24 h post-injection (PI) for investigation of hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity with special attention to apoptotic changes and cytokine mRNA expression. Histopathological examination of the DON-injected pigs revealed systemic apoptosis of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and hepatocytes. Apoptosis of lymphocytes and hepatocytes was confirmed by the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method and immunohistochemical staining against single-stranded DNA and cleaved caspase-3. The number of TUNEL-positive cells in the thymus and Peyer''s patches of the ileum was increased at 24 h PI compared to 6 h PI, but the peak was at 6 h PI in the liver. The mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the spleen, thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and elevated expression of IL-1β mRNA at 6 h PI and a decrease of IL-18 mRNA at 24 h PI were observed in the spleen. IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expressions increased significantly at 6 h PI in the thymus, but TNF-α decreased at 6 h PI in the mesenteric lymph nodes. These results show the apoptosis of hepatocytes suggesting the hepatotoxic potential of DON, in addition to an immunotoxic effect on the modulation of proinflammatory cytokine genes in lymphoid organs with extensive apoptosis of lymphocytes induced by acute exposure to DON in pigs.  相似文献   

Fibrolipoma of a cryptorchid testis in a young bull     

Osawa T  Miura M  Yamagishi N  Kim D  Fukuda N  Fukuoka H  Sasaki J  Goryo M 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(9):1253-1255

A six-month-old Japanese Black bull was found to have no left testis in the scrotum. A fist-sized mass was palpated per rectum. Two months later, hCG was injected and blood samples were collected before and after injection. No testosterone response to hCG was observed. On the cut surface of the excised mass, most of the mass was composed of homogeneous adipose-like tissue. The rest of the surface was composed of a well-circumscribed testicular parenchyma-like tissue (18 × 16 × 15 mm). Histology revealed diffusely distributed mature adipocytes and septa of fibrous connective tissue. Neither germ cells nor spermatozoa were observed in the seminiferous tubules. A diagnosis was made of fibrolipoma and aspermatogenesis of the left cryptorchid testis.  相似文献   

Development of a new selective medium for isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus     

Saito E  Kakita Y  Shimoda H  Shimabukuro S  Saeki K  Shimizu A  Kawano J 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(9):1195-1197

A new selective medium containing cephem antibiotics was developed for isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA colonies on a medium containing ceftazidime (CAZ) were most easily identifiable and a medium containing cefoperazone (CPZ) was superior in suppressing the growth of other bacteria. With the medium containing a couple of CAZ and CPZ, MRSA and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) were detected from 2 and 1 of 15 chicken meat samples respectively. The MRSA and MRCNS recovery test showed that the medium was effective for MRSA isolation, suppressing the growth of other bacteria efficiently. These results suggested that the medium containing a couple of CAZ and CPZ was useful for MRSA detection from foods and animals.  相似文献