Plant and animal endemism in the eastern Andean slope: challenges to conservation     

Jennifer J Swenson  Bruce E Young  Stephan Beck  Pat Comer  Jesús H Córdova  Jessica Dyson  Dirk Embert  Filomeno Encarnación  Wanderley Ferreira  Irma Franke  Dennis Grossman  Pilar Hernandez  Sebastian K Herzog  Carmen Josse  Gonzalo Navarro  Víctor Pacheco  Bruce A Stein  Martín Timaná  Antonio Tovar  Carolina Tovar  Julieta Vargas  Carlos M Zambrana-Torrelio 《BMC ecology》2012,12(1):1-19

Background

The Andes-Amazon basin of Peru and Bolivia is one of the most data-poor, biologically rich, and rapidly changing areas of the world. Conservation scientists agree that this area hosts extremely high endemism, perhaps the highest in the world, yet we know little about the geographic distributions of these species and ecosystems within country boundaries. To address this need, we have developed conservation data on endemic biodiversity (~800 species of birds, mammals, amphibians, and plants) and terrestrial ecological systems (~90; groups of vegetation communities resulting from the action of ecological processes, substrates, and/or environmental gradients) with which we conduct a fine scale conservation prioritization across the Amazon watershed of Peru and Bolivia. We modelled the geographic distributions of 435 endemic plants and all 347 endemic vertebrate species, from existing museum and herbaria specimens at a regional conservation practitioner's scale (1:250,000-1:1,000,000), based on the best available tools and geographic data. We mapped ecological systems, endemic species concentrations, and irreplaceable areas with respect to national level protected areas.

Results

We found that sizes of endemic species distributions ranged widely (< 20 km² to > 200,000 km²) across the study area. Bird and mammal endemic species richness was greatest within a narrow 2500-3000 m elevation band along the length of the Andes Mountains. Endemic amphibian richness was highest at 1000-1500 m elevation and concentrated in the southern half of the study area. Geographical distribution of plant endemism was highly taxon-dependent. Irreplaceable areas, defined as locations with the highest number of species with narrow ranges, overlapped slightly with areas of high endemism, yet generally exhibited unique patterns across the study area by species group. We found that many endemic species and ecological systems are lacking national-level protection; a third of endemic species have distributions completely outside of national protected areas. Protected areas cover only 20% of areas of high endemism and 20% of irreplaceable areas. Almost 40% of the 91 ecological systems are in serious need of protection (= < 2% of their ranges protected).

Conclusions

We identify for the first time, areas of high endemic species concentrations and high irreplaceability that have only been roughly indicated in the past at the continental scale. We conclude that new complementary protected areas are needed to safeguard these endemics and ecosystems. An expansion in protected areas will be challenged by geographically isolated micro-endemics, varied endemic patterns among taxa, increasing deforestation, resource extraction, and changes in climate. Relying on pre-existing collections, publically accessible datasets and tools, this working framework is exportable to other regions plagued by incomplete conservation data.  相似文献   

Incidental catch of marine turtles by Spanish bottom trawlers in the western Mediterranean          下载免费PDF全文

Francesc Domènech  Irene Álvarez de Quevedo  Manuel Merchán  Ohiana Revuelta  Gabriela Vélez‐Rubio  Sebastián Bitón  Luis Cardona  Jesús Tomás 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2015,25(5):678-689

Isolation and use of beneficial microbiota from the digestive tract of lions‐paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus and winged pearl oyster Pteria sterna in oyster aquaculture          下载免费PDF全文

Fernando Abasolo‐Pacheco  Pedro E Saucedo  José M Mazón‐Suástegui  Dariel Tovar‐Ramírez  Rubén Araya  Jesús M Ramírez‐Orozco  Ángel I Campa‐Córdova 《Aquaculture Research》2016,47(10):3042-3051

We isolated microbiota from the digestive tract of Nodipecten subnodosus and Pteria sterna and determined in vitro their haemolytic activity, antagonism against Vibrio spp., bacterial hydrophobicity, production of extracellular enzymes and molecular identification. Five bacterial strains were selected: RL5 and C3 (Lactobacillus spp.) and PB1‐1, PB1‐5 and PB1‐6 (Bacillus spp.). The RL5 and C3 isolates showed antimicrobial activity against Vibrio spp. and the PB1‐1, PB1‐5 and PB1‐6 isolates showed enzymatic activity for amylase, protease, lipase and cellulose; the C3 and PB1‐5 isolates were highly hydrophobic. The selected strains of bacteria were tested in vivo as probiotics, together with a treatment of ampicillin and a control without bacteria on juvenile Kumamoto oysters Crassostrea sikamea. The strains were provided individually and as mixes of isolates. Survival, growth and biochemical composition of the juveniles were determined as in vivo indicators. Juveniles grew significantly larger and faster when treated with a specific mix of isolates (MIX‐B), compared with the control. The protein, lipid and carbohydrate concentrations were also significantly higher in oysters exposed to probiotic treatments, compared with the control and the antibiotic treatment. The selected microbiota showed probiotic proprieties for cultivating C. sikamea juveniles.  相似文献   

Screening for several potential pathogens in feral pigeons (Columba livia) in Madrid     

Belén Vázquez  Fernando Esperón  Elena Neves  Juan López  Carlos Ballesteros  María Jesús Mu?oz 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2010,52(1):45

Background

Pathogens with the zoonotic potential to infect humans, such as Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Chlamydophila psittaci, can be found in feral pigeons (Columba livia). Given the high density of these birds in the public parks and gardens of most cities, they may pose a direct threat to public health.

Methods

A total of 118 pigeons were captured in three samplings carried out in 2006-2007 in public parks and gardens in Madrid, Spain. Standard haematological and morphological analyses were carried out on the pigeons. PCR was used to screen for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli and Chlamydophila psittaci. Positive samples were confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Results

The analyses demonstrated a high prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci (52.6%) and Campylobacter jejuni (69.1%) among the birds captured. In contrast, Campylobacter coli was rarely detected (1.1%).

Conclusions

Pigeons in Madrid can carry Chlamydophila psittaci and Campylobacter jejuni. They may be asymptomatic or subclinical carriers of both pathogens.  相似文献   

Mobility and Bioavailability of Metals in Stream Sediments Impacted by Mining Activities: the Jaralito and the Mexicana in Sonora,Mexico     

Yolanda Aguilar-Hinojosa  Diana Meza-Figueroa  Arturo I. Villalba-Atondo  Martín A. Encinas-Romero  Jesús L. Valenzuela-García  Agustín Gómez-Álvarez 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2016,227(9):345

  相似文献   

House fly (Musca domestica) as a transport vector of Cryptosporidium parvum     

Clavel A  Doiz O  Morales S  Varea M  Seral C  Castillo FJ  Fleta J  Rubio C  Gómez-Lus R 《Folia parasitologica》2002,49(2):163-164

  相似文献   

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs under veterinary care in Maracaibo, Venezuela   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Ramírez-Barrios RA  Barboza-Mena G  Muñoz J  Angulo-Cubillán F  Hernández E  González F  Escalona F 《Veterinary parasitology》2004,121(1-2):11-20

The prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs presented to the Veterinary Policlinic of the University of Zulia (PVU) was measured between January and December 2001. A total of 614 fecal samples were evaluated by the fecal flotation method. One or more species of parasites was identified in 218 (35.5%) dogs. The parasites most frequently detected were: Ancylostoma spp. (24.5%), Toxocara canis (11.4%) and Isospora spp. (8.1%). Single parasitic infections were present in 149 (24.3%) dogs. The age distribution of intestinal parasites in dogs less than 1 year old had a higher overall prevalence than those dogs over 12 months of age. There was no significant difference in the prevalence between male (38.9%) and female (31.7%) dogs. There was a significantly (P < 0.05) greater prevalence of parasites in mixed-breed dogs (40.3%) as compared with pure-breed dogs (30.8%). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was detected between the general prevalence of January and December compared to August.  相似文献   

Humoral immune response in hens naturally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis against outer membrane proteins and other surface structural antigens     

Ochoa-Repáraz J  Sesma B  Alvarez M  Jesús Renedo M  Irache JM  Gamazo C 《Veterinary research》2004,35(3):291-298

A simple procedure for obtaining surface exposed antigens of Salmonella Enteritidis is described. A heat treatment of whole bacteria in saline solution induced the release of small membrane vesicles containing outer membrane components as well as surface appendage components, such as fimbriae and flagellin. The characterization of the structural components of this extract, called HE, was established by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using polyclonal and monoclonal specific antibodies. Five major groups of proteins were identified: flagellin, porins, OmpA, SEF21 and SEF14 fimbriae. The immunogenicity of these proteins was studied by immunoblotting with serum samples from naturally infected hens. Flagellin, porins, OmpA, SEF14 and SEF21 fimbriae were immunogenic in the S. Enteritidis infected hens (frequency of reactants: 47.3, 97.3, 64.7, 50.0 and 60.8%, respectively); porins also reacted with sera from non infected hens (66.7%). The immunogenicity of these antigens in infected birds provide promise that they may serve as components of an effective subcellular vaccine for poultry salmonellosis.  相似文献   

Comparison of ultrasonographic characteristics of the gastroduodenal junction during pyloroplasty performed laparoscopically or via conventional abdominal surgery in dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sánchez-Margallo FM  Soria-Gálvez F  Ezquerra-Calvo LJ  Usón-Gargallo J 《American journal of veterinary research》2003,64(9):1099-1104

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of ultrasonography to detect morphologic changes in the pylorus during pyloroplasty performed laparoscopically or via conventional abdominal surgery in dogs. ANIMALS: 10 healthy mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Laparoscopic ultrasonography of the pylorus was performed in 5 dogs during laparoscopic pyloroplasty (LP), and ultrasonography of the pylorus was performed in 5 dogs during pyloroplasty via conventional abdominal surgery (CAP group). Appearance and dimensions of the pyloric sphincter were evaluated by use of a 7.5-MHz flexible laparoscopic linear-transducer probe. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD duration of the ultrasonographic procedure was 11 +/- 3.04 minutes (range, 6 to 18 minutes). In the CAP group, cross-sectional views of the pylorus revealed significant differences between the overall transverse external diameter, overall craniocaudal external diameter, and transverse diameter of the pyloric lumen. After surgery, the pyloric area was significantly increased. Longitudinal views of the pylorus revealed that width of the pyloric ring was significantly less after surgery. Transverse views of the pylorus for the LP group revealed a significant increase in the transverse diameter and craniocaudal diameter of the pyloric lumen after LP. The pyloric area was also significantly increased after surgery. Longitudinal views of the pylorus revealed that width of the pyloric ring was significantly less after surgery. Transverse diameter of the pyloric lumen was significantly increased after LP. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Analysis of results of this study suggests that ultrasonography is useful for detecting relevant morphologic changes in the pyloric sphincter after pyloroplasty.  相似文献   

Angiographic study and therapeutic embolization of soft-tissue fibrosarcoma in a dog: case report and literature     

Sun F  Hernández J  Ezquerra J  Durán E  Pineda LF  De Miguel C  Crisóstomo V  Usón J  Maynar M 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2002,38(5):452-457

A case of soft-tissue fibrosarcoma with pulmonary metastases in a dog is reported. Although three attempts of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy failed to provide definitive tumor diagnosis, results of angiography strongly indicated a soft-tissue sarcoma. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) using particles of gelatin sponge was performed following selective angiography. The mass was decreased in size on reevaluation 2 weeks after embolization. The dog was euthanized on the request of the owners due to overall failing health. Necropsy and pathological study confirmed the diagnosis of soft-tissue fibrosarcoma with pulmonary metastases. In a review of the literature, angiographic findings of soft-tissue sarcoma in the dog of this report were similar to those in human beings, suggesting a potential role for angiography in the differential diagnosis of suspect soft-tissue fibrosarcomas and for guiding FNA or surgical biopsy. Previous reports have also shown therapeutic embolization to be an effective treatment both in experimental animal study and in clinical practice in the human; therefore, TAE could be an effective adjunctive treatment of soft-tissue fibrosarcoma in the dog.  相似文献