Comment on "On the origin of interictal activity in human temporal lobe epilepsy in vitro"     

Wozny C  Kivi A  Lehmann TN  Dehnicke C  Heinemann U  Behr J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5632):463; author reply 463

  相似文献   

Erratum To: Susceptibility of winter wheat cultivars to wheat ear insects in Central Germany     

Nawal Gaafar  Christa Volkmar  Hilmar Cöster  Joachim Spilke 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2011,84(1):49

  相似文献   

Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1985/1986     

Jürgen Schultze-Motel  Reinhard Fritsch  Karl Hammer  Peter Hanelt  Joachim Kruse  Helga I. Maas  Harald Ohole  Klaus Pistrick 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1987,35(2):421-439

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1985 and 1986 were compiled and briefly discussed.

---

Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1985/1986

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1985 und 1986 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

---

¶rt; : 1985–1986

¶rt; , 1985 1986 . .

  相似文献   

Soil‐ and plant‐based nitrogen‐fertilizer recommendations in arable farming     

Hans‐Werner Olfs  Klaus Blankenau  Frank Brentrup  Jrg Jasper  Axel Link  Joachim Lammel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(4):414-431

Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO ‐N (and NH ‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha^–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach.  相似文献   

Genetische Variabilität     

Joachim Dehne  Kurt Skiebe  Martin Stein  Hagen Herdam  Rolf Franke  Heinz Leike 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1988,36(1):247-274

Zusammenfassung Für die Pflanzenzüchtung ist die genetische Variabilität eine entscheidende Voraussetzung. Sie basiert auf Genmutationen, Chromosomenmutationen, Introgressionen, Autopolyploidie, Alloplasmie, transponiblen DNA-Elementen und der Kombination. Diese Variabilitätskomponenten werden charakterisiert. Außerdem wird anhand von Beispielen ihr Einfluß auf die Entwicklung der Kulturpflanzen demonstriert.Um effektiv in der Pflanzenzüchtung arbeiten zu können, bedarf es der Analyse von genetischer Variabilität. Dies geschieht mit Hilfe von Kreuzungsexperimenten und Parameterschätzungen. In zunehmendem Maße werden auch Marker bei der Analyse eingesetzt.Einen wichtigen Faktor zur zielgerichteten Beeinflussung der genetischen Variabilität stellt die Selektion dar. Sie führt zur Einschränkung der Kombination. Die Selektion ist für die Entwicklung von Sorten notwendig. Sie hat aber auch eine Verarmung an genetischer Information zur Folge.Für den weiteren Fortschritt in der Pflanzenzüchtung gilt es, eine genügende genetische Variabilität zu gewährleisten. Dazu bedarf es auch Maßnahmen zu ihrer Erhaltung. Genetische Variabilität muß außerdem verstärkt charakterisiert und analysiert werden.

---

Genetic variability

Summary Genetic variability is a decisive prerequisite to plant breeding. It is based on gene mutations, chromosome mutations, introgressions, autopolyploidy, alloplasmy, transposible DNA elements and recombinations. These components of the genetic variability are illustrated and examples are given to demonstrate their contributions to the evolution of crop plants.Effective plant breeding requires the analysis of the genetic variation. It is analysed by hereditary studies and parameter estimations. The utilization of markers is continuously increasing in studies of the genetic variation.Selection is an important factor to a purposive influence on the genetic variability and leads to a restriction of the recombinations. Selection is necessary for the development of varieties but results also in an impoverishment of genetic information.For the continuous progress in plant breeding an adequate genetic variability is to secure. That includes also activities to its conservation. Furthermore the characterization and analysis of the genetic variability has to be intensified.

---

. , , , , , . . , . , , . . . . . . , , . . . .

  相似文献   

Entwicklung der Niederschlags-Deposition von Schwermetallen in West-Deutschland. 1. Blei und Cadmium     

Andreas Schulte  Arpad Balazs  Joachim Block  Joachim Gehrmann 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1996,159(4):377-383

Development of heavy-metal deposition by precipitation in West Germany. 1. Lead and cadmium Between 1984 and 1993 the deposition of Pb and Cd with bulk precipitation was measured on 25 open field sites in 4 German federal states. The absolute amount of Pb and Cd deposition varies according to field sites and annual precipitation. In all studied areas, however, Pb deposition via bulk precipitation decreased significantly during the observation period. Considering all research areas under study, the average Pb deposition with bulk precipitation fell from 142 g ha^?1 in 1984 to 31 g ha^?1 in 1993 (r = ?0.934***). This decrease in Pb deposition correlates with the prognosticated decline in Pb emissions that occurred in Germany during the same time period owing to the introduction of unleaded motor fuels in 1984. Average Cd deposition on all research stations fell from 3.4 g ha^?1 in 1984 to 2.0 g ha^?1 in 1993 (r = ?0.900***). However, in contrast to Pb, the reduction of Cd deposition was significant only at 11 of 25 research stations. The reduction in Cd deposition with precipitation is substantially lower than the reduction in Cd emissions prognosticated.  相似文献   

Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide Emissions after Landspreading of Slurry as Influenced by Application Technique and Dry Matter-Reduction. II. Short Term Nitrous Oxide Emissions     

Joachim Clemens  Robert Vandr  Martin Kaupenjohann  Heiner Goldbach 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1997,160(4):491-496

Strategies reducing NH₃ volatilisation from slurry include separation of slurry, special application techniques and additives. We studied the impact of manure separation and application technique on N₂O release after manure application. Untreated and separated cattle slurry (dry matter content of 7.1% and 4.4%, respectively) was applied to winter wheat using broadcast and banded application and injection. The N₂O emissions were measured at high frequency for 14 to 20 days after slurry treatment by the closed chamber method. Manured plots showed significantly higher N₂O emissions than the control plots but neither dry matter reduction of slurry nor application technique significantly influenced the N₂O emissions. The variability of N₂O emission was influenced by the application technique and increased in the order: banded application – injection – broadcast application. There was no correlation between NH₃ losses from applied slurry and N₂O emissions. Thus reducing ammonia volatilisation will not necessarily increase N₂O emissions.  相似文献   

Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1983/1984     

Jürgen Schultze-Motel  Reinhard Fritsch  Karl Hammer  Peter Hanelt  Joachim Kruse  Harald Ohle  Klaus Pistrick 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1985,33(2):307-324

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1983 and 1984 were complied and briefly discussed.

---

Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1983/1984

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1983 und 1984 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

---

: 1983–1984

, 1983 1984 . .

  相似文献   

Beitrag zur Morphologie der Infloreszenzen vonSetaria italica (L.) Beauv.     

Joachim Kruse 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1972,19(1):53-72

Zusammenfassung Es werden verschiedene Infloreszenzformen vonSetaria italica (L.) Beauv. vergleichend morphologisch untersucht. Wie der Vergleich mit der Wildsippe,Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. zeigt, ist die Entwicklung zur Kulturart mit verschiedenen progressiven Veränderungen im reproduktiven Bereich des Verzweigungssystems verbunden. Dabei führt die zunehmende Förderung der Infloreszenzhauptachse sowie der Partialinfloreszenzen zu einer Vergrößerung und verstärkten Gliederung der Gesamtinfloreszenz. Daneben werden auch regressive Entwicklungstendenzen sichtbar, die in einer zunchmenden Reduktion des Basis- und Spitzenbereichs der Infloreszenz zum Ausdruck kommen. Die stärkste morphologische Ableitung haben Formen mit einer dichotom verzweigten Infloreszenz erfahren. Die Ausprägung der Infloreszenzmerkmale zeigt eine starke Umweltabhängigkeit.

---

Contribution to the morphology of the inflorescences ofSetaria italica (L.) Beauv.

Summary The morphology of different types of inflorescences were investigated in Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. The comparison with the wild species,Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., shows that the evolution towards the cultivated species is combined with different progressive changes in the reproductive part of the ramification system. Thereby the increasing promotion of the main axis of the inflorescence as well as the partial inflorescences leads to an enlargement and increased articulation of the whole inflorescence. Besides regressive developmental tendencies are also observed, as expressed by increasing reduction of the basis and the top of inflorescence. The greatest deviation is seen in the form with dichotomous branched inflorescences. The characters of the inflorescences depend greatly on the environmental conditions.

---

Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.

Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. . Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., . , . , . . .

  相似文献   

颗粒料和破碎料饲喂小虾的效果     

邱榕生  李可 《中国畜牧兽医》2002,29(3):21-22

虾料的外在物理特性变化范围很大 ,但在是否为小虾生长所必需这一问题上 ,还存在着疑问。相关的试验结果表明使用颗粒状开食料的斑节对虾 ( Penaeus monodon)幼苗的生长性能要显著好于饲喂破碎料的。饲喂 2种粒度碎粒状开食料的罗氏沼虾 ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii)间的生长性能无差异 ,因此得出结论 :幼虾阶段使用 2种粒度的破碎料是没有必要的。试验结果还表明颗粒料的长度 (长或短 )对斑节对虾的生长没有影响。目前 ,小虾的商业化养殖仍是一个新兴行业 ,相关的知识还很缺乏。因此 ,生产实践中往往按主观判断行事 ,特别是决定饲料的物…  相似文献