Local immunity of the respiratory mucosal system in chickens and turkeys   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Smiałek M  Tykałowski B  Stenzel T  Koncicki A 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2011,14(2):291-297

This review article presents fundamental mechanisms of the local mucosal immunity in selected regions of the respiratory tract in healthy birds and in some pathological conditions. The respiratory system, whose mucosa come into direct contact with microorganisms contaminating inhaled air, has some associated structures, such as Harderian gland (HG), conjunctive-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and paranasal glands (PG), whose participation in local mechanisms of the mucosal immunity has been corroborated by numerous scientific studies. The nasal mucosa, with structured clusters of lymphoid tissue (NALT - nasal-associated lymphoid tissue) is the first to come into contact with microorganisms which contaminate inhaled air. Lymphoid nodules, made up of B cells with frequently developed germinal centres (GC), surrounded by a coat of CD4+ cells, are the major NALT structures in chickens, whereas CD8+ cells are situated in the epithelium and in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity mucosa. Studies into respiratory system infections (e.g. Mycoplasma gallisepticum) have shown the reactivity of the tracheal mucosa to infection, despite a lack of essential lymphoid tissue. Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) takes part in bronchial immune processes and its structure, topography and ability to perform defensive function in birds is largely age-dependent. Mature BALT is covered by a delicate layer of epithelial cells, called follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). Germinal centres (GC), surrounded by CD4+ cells are developed in most mature BALT nodules, while CD8+ lymphocytes are dispersed among lymphoid nodules and in the epithelium, and they are rarely present in GC. Macrophages make up the first line of defence mechanisms through which the host rapidly responds to microorganisms and their products in the respiratory mucosal system. Another very important element are polymorphonuclear cells, with heterophils being the most important of them. Phagocytic cells obtained from lung lavages in birds are referred to as FARM (free avian respiratory macrophages). Their number in chickens and turkeys is estimated to be 20 times lower than that in mice and rats, which indicates a deficit in the first-line of defence in the birds' respiratory system. There are numerous B cells and antibody secreting cells (ASC) present throughout the respiratory system in birds. Their role comes down to perform antigen-specific protection by producing antibodies (IgM, IgY or IgA class) as a result of contact with pathogenic factors.  相似文献   

Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus based on PCR-RFLP of coa gene and RAPD analysis     

Karakulska J  Pobucewicz A  Nawrotek P  Muszyńska M  Furowicz AJ  Czernomysy-Furowicz D 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2011,14(2):285-286

The aim of this study was molecular identification of S. aureus strains isolated from mastitic milk samples and establishing the genetic relationship between strains isolated from cows belonging to the same herd. In all 43 isolated strains the gap gene (930 bp) was amplified, which enabled their affiliation to the Staphylococcus genus to be established. PCR-RFLP with AluI endonuclease of the gap gene as well as nuc (450 bp) and coa (1130 bp) gene amplification allowed precise S. aureus species identification. One hundred percent of the genetic relationship between strains was established via RAPD-PCR and coa-typing.  相似文献   

Dose-dependent in vivo effect of Rhodiola and Echinacea on the mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in mice     

Skopińska-Rózewska E  Sokolnicka I  Siwicki AK  Stankiewicz W  Dabrowski MP  Buchwald W  Krajewska-Patan A  Mielcarek S  Mścisz A  Furmanowa M 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2011,14(2):265-272

Echinacea purpurea (EP) and Echinacea angustifolia (EA) are ones of the most important world's herbs with immunotropic activity. They were traditional medicinal plants used by North American Indians for the treatment of various illnesses. Now they are cultivated in many countries and are used mainly to treat respiratory tract infections. Rhodiola rosea (RR) and Rhodiola quadrifida (RQ) are medicinal plants originated from Asia and used traditionally as adaptogens, antidepressants, and anti-inflammatory remedies. We previously reported, that extracts of underground parts of RR and RQ exhibited immunotropic activity. We have demonstrated in pigs that in vitro RR or RQ supplementation of blood lymphocyte cultures stimulated T cell proliferative response to Con A in lower, and inhibited it in higher Rhodiola extract concentrations. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vivo effect of these herbal remedies on the in vitro proliferative response of mouse splenic lymphocytes to another T-cell mitogen- Phaseolus vulgaris haemagglutinin (PHA). We have found significant stimulation of proliferative response, in comparison to the controls, in mice fed lower doses of tested remedies, and inhibition, no effect or lower stimulation, in mice fed higher doses of these drugs.  相似文献   

Slaughter value, meat quality, creatine kinase activity and cortisol levels in the blood serum of growing-finishing pigs slaughtered immediately after transport and after a rest period     

Smiecińska K  Denaburski J  Sobotka W 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2011,14(1):47-54

The experimental materials comprised 44 hybrid [female (Polish Large White x Polish Landrace) x male Duroc] growing-finishing pigs. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: 24 pigs were slaughtered immediately after transport and 20 pigs were slaughtered after a 24-hour rest period in the lairage. The meat content of pork carcasses, carcass dressing percentage, the proximate chemical composition, physicochemical and sensory properties of meat and shear force values were determined. Serum creatine kinase activity and cortisol levels were determined in blood samples collected before transport and during carcass bleeding. Pigs slaughtered immediately after transport, compared with those slaughtered after a 24-hour rest period, were characterized by a higher meat content of the carcass and a higher carcass dressing percentage. Pre-slaughter handling had no effect on pork quality. The incidence of normal-quality meat, partially PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat and PSE meat was similar in both groups. Chemical analysis showed that the content of dry matter, total protein, fat and minerals in meat was comparable in both groups. As regards the functional properties of the pork, samples from the carcasses of pigs that had rested before slaughter had a higher contribution of the red color component. Meat from pigs slaughtered immediately after transport had more desirable sensory properties. Pre-slaughter resting had a significant effect on those analyzed physiological parameters which were found to be good indicators of pre-slaughter stress. Serum creatine kinase activity and cortisol levels were higher in blood samples collected after transport (during carcass bleeding) than in samples collected before transport, pointing to a strong stress response of animals to pre-slaughter treatment. The decrease in serum cortisol levels in blood samples collected during bleeding from the carcasses of pigs slaughtered after a 24-hour rest period, compared with samples collected from animals slaughtered immediately after transport, suggests that rest before slaughter alleviated stress induced by pre-slaughter handling operations.  相似文献   

Growth factor and cytokine interactions in myogenesis. Part II. Expression of IGF binding proteins and protein kinases essential for myogenesis in mouse C2C12 myogenic cells exposed to TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma     

Wieteska-Skrzeczyńska W  Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk K  Rejmak E 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2011,14(3):425-431

The aim of the study was to examine potential interactions among IGF-I and proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, in the regulation of local IGF-I bioavailability and cellular proteins mediating myogenic signals. We investigated levels of IGFBP-4, -5, -6, protein kinase Czeta (PKC zeta), p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) in differentiating mouse C2C12 myoblasts. IGF-I significantly stimulated expression of IGFBP-5. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma attenuated the expression of IGFBP-4 and -6 under basal conditions and in the presence of IGF-I, and inhibited IGF-I-induced IGFBP-5 expression during 5-day myogenesis. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma markedly attenuated p38 expression in the presence of IGF-I on the 5th day of myogenesis. When combined with IGF-I the cytokines exerted opposite effects on the PKC zeta level, i.e. TNF-alpha caused an increase, whereas IFN-gamma reduced the cellular content of this kinase. Exposition of C2C12 myoblasts to IGF-I or cytokines led to the stimulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation; however, both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma exerted an inhibitory effect on the activation of ERK1/2 in myoblasts cultured in the presence of IGF-I. We concluded as follows: i) TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma present in the extracellular environment of differentiating C2C12 myoblasts can alter the local bioavailability of IGF-I by inhibiting the expression of IGFBP-4, -5, and -6, ii) the decrease in p38 expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in C2C12 myoblasts exposed to cytokines can lead to disturbances in IGF-I-regulated myogenesis.  相似文献   

Real-time PCR detection of Mycoplasma felis in domestic cats suffering from chronic conjunctivitis (Poland)     

Płoneczka-Janeczko K  Kiełbowicz Z  Bania J  Bednarek K 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2011,14(4):679-681

Real-time PCR directed to intergenic spacer (IGS) noncoding region between 16S and 23S rRNA genes was used for species specific detection of Mycoplasma felis in conjunctival scrapings. Samples were collected from 57 cats suffering from chronic conjunctivitis in 2008-2010 (Wroc?aw, Poland). Samples from 36 cats (63.2%) were shown to be positive for Mycoplasma felis. Our research gives a first insight in the occurrence of Mycoplasma felis among domestic cats in Poland suggesting that this pathogen may constitute an underestimated cause of chronic conjunctivitis.  相似文献   

The effects of prenatal exposure to methylxanthines     

Skopiński P  Woronkowicz M  Skopińska-Rózewska E  Siwicki AK 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2011,14(4):695-701

This review discusses epidemiology and laboratory studies on the effects of prenatal methylxanthine administration on some systems developing organisms. They are mainly absorbed from coffee, tea and cocoa products such as cola beverages and chocolate bars. Prenatal methylxanthine exposure can induce several unfavourables changes in the developing organism, which are persistent even in later phases of life. Based on results obtained from animal studies, the effect on embryogenesis is not only poorly understood but also controversial. It is therefore important to study interspecies differences as results may differ depending on animals used and administration methods.  相似文献   

Role of extracellular matrix and prolactin in functional differentiation of bovine BME-UV1 mammary epithelial cells     

Kozłowski M  Wilczak J  Motyl T  Gajewska M 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2011,14(3):433-442

Interactions between extracellular matrix (ECM) and epithelial cells are necessary for proper organisation and function of the epithelium. In the present study we show that bovine mammary epithelial cell line BME-UV1 cultured on ECM components, commercially available as Matrigel, constitutes a good model for studying mechanisms controlling functional differentiation of the bovine mammary gland. In contact with Matrigel BME-UV1 cells induce apicobasal polarity, and within 16 days form three dimensional (3D) acinar structures with a centrally localized hollow lumen, which structurally resemble mammary alveoli present in the functionally active mammary gland. We have shown that the 3D culture system enables a high expression and proper localisation of integrin receptors and tight junction proteins in BME-UV1 cells to be induced. This effect was not obtained in cells grown in the classical 2D culture system on plastic. Moreover, ECM highly stimulated the synthesis of one of the major milk proteins, beta-casein, even in the absence of prolactin. Our results show that contact with ECM plays an important role in the lactogenic activity of bovine MECs, however, prolactin is necessary for the efficient secretion of milk proteins.  相似文献   

The effect of different doses of methisoprinol on the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation and the antibody titers in pigeons immunised against PPMV-1     

Stenzel T  Tykałowski B  Smiałek M  Koncicki A  Kwiatkowska-Stenzel A 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2011,14(3):367-371

As immunosuppression in pigeons is common and results in reduced post-vaccination immunity and lower health status of the birds, studies have been taken up aimed at evaluation of the effect of three doses of methisoprinol on the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation in peripheral blood and in the spleen and the titre of anti-NDV antibodies in the serum of pigeons in four groups (A, B, C, D), with 20 birds each. Pigeons in each group were immunised against paramyxovirosis at week 6 and 9 of life. Water for injection (group A - control) or methisoprinol at 100 mg/kg of body weight (group B), 200 mg/kg of body weight (group C) and 600 mg/kg of body weight (group D) was administered intramuscularly for 3 days before each vaccination. The immunological analyses were carried out by flow cytometry and the ELISA test. The findings indicate that methisoprinol administered intramuscularly at 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight for 3 successive days before vaccination against paramyxovirosis mainly stimulates the mechanisms of non-specific humoral and cellular immunity, which is indicated by a higher percentage of the subpopulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and in the spleen and a higher titre of anti-NDV antibodies.  相似文献   

The effect of diets supplemented with fish broth and fish oil on the health of weaners     

Bakuła T  Lis Ł  Iwaniuk Z  Ordyński Z 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2011,14(2):219-225

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fish-based feed materials, as a source of readily available protein contained in fish broth and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in fish oil, on the health of piglets and rearing results. The experiment was conducted on a commercial pig fattening farm. The study involved a total of 80 weaners with an approximate body weight of 15 kg. The experiment was carried out over a period of 40 days. Feed samples were subjected to laboratory analyses. Blood samples were collected from experimental group animals to determine serum biochemical and immunological parameters. The body weight gains of weaners, mortality rates and average feed intake per animal were calculated for the entire experimental period. The addition of fish broth and fish oil significantly improved the n3:n6 fatty acid ratio in diets. The presence of EPA and DHA in the experimental diet could have had a positive health effect on piglets, comparable with that exerted by therapeutic doses of zinc often administered to pigs of this age group. During the experiment, feed conversion ratio (FCR) gain was considerably reduced in the experimental group, with similar daily gains in the control and experimental group.  相似文献