Lethal and sublethal effects of withanolides from Salpichroa origanifolia and analogues on Ceratitis capitata     

Bado S  Mareggiani G  Amiano N  Burton G  Veleiro AS 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(10):2875-2878

Biological effects on Ceratitis capitata were evaluated for several withanolides isolated from Salpichroa origanifolia (Solanaceae), (20S,22R,24S,25S,26R)-5alpha,6alpha:22,26:24,25-triepoxy-26-hydroxy-17(13-->18)-abeo-ergosta-2,13,15,17-tetraen-1-one (salpichrolide A, 1), (20S,22R,24S,25S,26R)-22,26:24,25-diepoxy-5alpha,6beta,26-trihydroxy-17(13-->18)-abeo-ergosta-2,13,15,17-tetraen-1-one (salpichrolide C, 2), (20S,22R,24S,25S,26R)-5alpha,6alpha;22,26:24,25-triepoxy-15,26-dihydroxy-17(13-->18)abeo-ergosta-2,13,15,17-tetraen-1-one (salpichrolide G, 3), and (20S,22R,24S,25S,26R)-5alpha,6alpha:22,26:24,25-triepoxy-1,26-dihydroxy-17(13-->18)-abeo-ergosta-2,13,15,17-tetraene (salpichrolide B, 5), and for chemically modified analogues. Influence of chemical modifications on development delay was analyzed. The compounds were incorporated into the larval diet and the adults' drinking water. Significant development delays from larvae to puparia were observed in treatments with the natural withanolides salpichrolides A, C, and G (1-3) at a concentration of 500 ppm. Salpichrolide B (5) was the most toxic compound, the highest mortality (95%) being observed at the larval stage. Exposure of adults to drinking water containing natural withanolides 1-3 and 5 produced mortality in all cases.  相似文献   

Phylogeny of Astragalus in China: molecular evidence from the DNA sequences of 5S rRNA spacer, ITS, and 18S rRNA   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Dong TT  Ma XQ  Clarke C  Song ZH  Ji ZN  Lo CK  Tsim KW 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(23):6709-6714

Radix Astragali (root of Astragalus; Huangqi) is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used as an immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, diuretic, antidiabetic, analgesic, expectorant, and sedative drug. Although the species of Radix Astragali have been defined as Astragalus membranaceus and A. membranaceus var. mongholicus in Pharmacopoeia of China, their taxonomy remains controversial. The phylogenetic relationships among 10 Astragalus taxa, which are commonly found in China including A. membranaceus, A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, Astragalus propinquus, Astragalus lepsensis, Astragalus aksuensis, Astragalus hoantchy, Astragalus hoantchy subsp. dshimensis,Astragalus lehmannianus, Astragalus sieversianus, and Astragalus austrosibiricus, were determined using the DNA sequences of the 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) spacer, internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), and 18S rRNA coding region. The 5S rRNA spacer, ITS, and 18S rRNA, amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the isolated genomic DNAs, were sequenced. By using neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony analyses, phylogenetic trees were mapped by their sequence diversity. A. membranaceus and A. membranaceus var. mongholicus shared the greatest sequence homology. In addition, A. propinquus shared a closer relationship with A. membranaceus and A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, while other Astragalus species were less closely related. This is the first paper to show the phylogenetic relationship of Astragalus species related to Radix Astragali in China by the molecular genetic approach.  相似文献   

Christian O. Lehmann (1926–1992)     

Karl Hammer  Peter Hanelt 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1992,39(2):61-69

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Bericht über eine Reise in die VR Polen zur Sammlung autochthoner Sippen von Kulturpflanzen im Jahre 1984     

Karl Hammer 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1985,33(2):213-223

Zusammenfassung In Fortführung von Sammelreisen der Jahre 1976 und 1978 wurde im August 1984 eine weitere Reise in östliche Gebiete der VR Polen gemeinsam von Mitarbeitern des Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Rolin, Radzików, und des Zentralinstituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, unternommen.78 Proben, besonders von Getreiden, Hülsenfrüchten und Gemüsen, wurden gesammelt. Die Sammelgebiete lagen meist im Tiefland. Die Generosion war hier schon weit fortgeschritten. In den kommenden Jahren müssen alle Anstrengungen auf die Sammlung des noch existierenden Landsortenmaterials in den östlichen Gebieten der VR Polen konzentriert werden.

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Report on a mission to PR Poland in 1984 for the collection of indigenous taxa of cultivated plants

Summary In continuation of missions undertaken in 1976 and 1978 a further exploration was carried out in Eastern parts of Poland in August 1984 jointly by staff members of the Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Rolin, Radzików, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben. Altogether 78 accessions have been collected, especially of cereals, pulses and vegetables. The collecting areas were concentrated mainly in the lowlands. Genetic erosion is very much progressed in these areas. In the following years all efforts have to be concentrated on the collection of the still existing land-races in the Eastern parts of Poland.

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1984

1976 1978 . 1984 . , . , , , . 78 , , , . , . , , , .

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Chemische und mikrobiologische Veränderungen in einem Rigosol nach mineralischer Düngung im langjährigen Feldversuch und kurzzeitigen aeroben Inkubationsversuch     

Liliane Schmitt  Karl Müller  Erhard Ahrens 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1991,154(3):189-194

Chemical and microbiological changes in a Rigosole after mineral fertilization in long-term field experiments and short-term aerobic incubation trials A sandy clay loam which often showed priming effects in a differently fertilized (control, 120 kg N/ha, 240 kg N/ha) long-term field experiment, was aerobicly incubated (25°C) and analysed for chemical and microbial parameters. The total nitrogen and C_org contents in the 240 kg N/ha treatment were markedly lower than in the unfertilized as well as in the 120 kg N/ha treatment. Long-term fertilization with 240 kg N/ha increased the dehydrogenase activity by about 34% in comparison to the control and about 54% to the 120 kg N/ha variant and enhanced the population of amino acid ammonifying and proteolytic bacteria. After analogous fertilization in model trials, positive as well as negative priming effects were shown. Thereby no linear dependence occurred in relation to the amount of nitrogen added. The effects on biological criteria were similar both under laboratory conditions as well as in long-term field experiments. The total nitrogen and C_org contents of humus fractions partly showed differences in dependence on fertilization.  相似文献   

Die GaterslebenerBrassica-Kollektion — eine Einführung     

Thomas Gladis  Karl Hammer 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1990,38(3):121-156

Die Genbank Gatersleben unterhält mit 1459 Sippen aus 25 Arten eine bedeutendeBrassica-Kollektion. Diese lebende Sammlung bildet zusammen mit dem verfügbaren Herbarmaterial die Grundlage der vorliegenden Arbeit.Die heutige Umgrenzung der GattungBrassica geht aufSchulz (1919) zurück. Nach dem derzeitigen Kenntnisstand spiegelt die infragenerische Gliederung die tatsächliche Evolution der Gattung kaum real wieder. Der Einteilung in Sektionen bzw. Artengruppen wird daher nicht gefolgt.  相似文献   

Zur Genese von Schwarzerden auf der Sontheimer Hochterrasse in der Donauniederung bei Ulm     

Michael Thater  Karl Stahr 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1991,154(4):293-299

Pedogenesis of chernozems in the upper river terrace of the Danubian river near Ulm (South West Germany) The “chernozem-like” soils in the upper river terrace of the Danubian river near Ulm (FRG) were examinated. Field analyses as well as soil physical and chemical, clay mineralogical and pollen analyses were carried out. The parent material of the soils was identified as loess, on the basis of its texture, clay mineral composition, structure, carbonate content, the presence of loess molluscs, and the location on an upper river terrace with loess findings in the surrounding. Characteristic pedogenetic processes, such as deliming, silicate weathering, formation of oxides and hydroxides, neoformation of clay minerals and clay translocation prove a non-groundwater-influenced development of the soils within at least the last 8000 years. Therefore an accumulation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions during the peat formation in the lower river terrace nearby was not possible. According to this finding, it can be deducted that the humus accumulation may be due to influences of continental climate and forest steppe during the preboreal period, whereby the humus horizons were formed at deeper horizons through bioturbation. After the groundwater level was raised in boreal age, the steppe stage of the soils had ended and the fluctuating levels of groundwater, rich in carbonates, stabilized humic substances. Thus strong degradation of the soils to date was prevented. Therefore the soils under study could be classified as gleyic Chernozems or luvic Phaeozems.  相似文献   

Additional notes to the check-list of Korean cultivated plants (4)     

Karl Hammer  Ri Jong-Dzae  Hoang Ho-Dzun 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1990,38(3):173-190

Summary The main results of a germplasm collecting mission in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1989 are presented. This exploration work and additional literature studies resulted in new information for the check-list of Korean cultivated plants (Baik et al. 1986). 61 new species could be included. For 12 species collections and/or observations are reported for the first time.

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Ergänzende Notizen zur Liste der koreanischen Kulturpflanzen (4)

Zusammenfassung Die wesentlichen Ergebnisse einer Reise zur Sammlung pflanzlicher genetischer Ressourcen 1989 in der Koreanischen Demokratischen Volksrepublik werden dargelegt. Diese Exploration und ergänzende Literaturstudien führten zu neuen Informationen für die Liste der koreanischen Kulturpflanzen (Baik et al. 1986). 61 Arten wurden neu aufgenommen. Für 12 Arten wird erstmalig über Sammlungen und/oder Beobachtungen berichtet.

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(4)

1989 - . (Baik et al. 1986). 61 . 12 / .

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Collection of land-races of cultivated plants in South Italy 1983     

Pietro Perrino  Karl Hammer  Peter Hanelt 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1984,32(4):207-216

Summary In continuation of collecting missions in 1980, 1981 and 1982a further mission has been carried out in South Italy jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, in July 1983 for studying and collecting indigenous forms of cultivated plants and their wild relatives. 277 samples, mainly of cereals, grain legumes and vegetables have been collected. The material represents highly variable old land-races; this is especially true for wheat, maize, french beans, faba beans andBrassica spp. In some fields of the Sila Mts. introgressions fromSecale montanum into cultivated rye could be observed. The results of this mission stress the necessity for continuing the exploration of plant genetic resources in South Italy.

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Sammlung von Kulturpflanzen-Landsorten in Süditalien 1983

Zusammenfassung In Fortführung von Sammelreisen in den Jahren 1980, 1981 und 1982 wurde im Juli 1983 eine weitere Reise nach Süditalien gemeinsam von Mitarbeitern des Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und des Zentralinstituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, unternommen, die dem Studium und der Sammlung indigener Formen von Kulturpflanzen und ihrer verwandten Wildsippen diente. 277 Proben, besonders von Getreiden, Körnerleguminosen und Gemüsen, wurden gesammelt. Das Material besteht aus hochvariablen alten Landsorten, besonders von Weizen, Mais, Gartenbohnen, Ackerbohnen undBrassica-Arten. In einigen Feldern des Sila-Gebirges konnten Introgressionen vonSecale montanum in Kulturroggen beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Sammelreise unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit zur Weiterführung der Exploration pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen in Süditalien.

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1983

1980 . 1981 1982 . , 1983 . . 277 , , , . , , , , Brassica. Secale montanum . , .

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Savadkouh (Iran) – an Evolutionary Centre for Fruit Trees and Shrubs     

Korous Khoshbakht  Karl Hammer 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(3):641-651

Fieldwork was carried out in the north of Iran in April/May 2004. Four zones according to altitude including 20 villages and especially surrounding forests were visited. Data on uses and ethnobotany was collected through interviews that were one-on-one with respondents carefully selected to represent both male and female. Additionally a general survey of the area including other places of Savadkouh has been performed. The fruit trees and shrubs include Berberis sp., Crataegus sp., Cydonia oblonga, Diospyros lotus, Ficus carica, Malus orientalis, Mespilus germanica, Prunus cerasifera ssp. macrocarpa, Prunus spinosa, Punica granatum, and Rubus sp. Most of these are gathered from the wild, or occasionally cultivated in homegardens. The results of this study show that all of these species are used as sources of local foods and medicines. The area should be considered as an important evolutionary centre for fruit trees and shrubs and should be taken into serious consideration for discussions about fruit tree and shrub evolution. Germplasm collection activities, in situ conservation programs and interdisciplinary analysis of socioeconomic aspects of rural communications will be necessary in future studies.  相似文献