Higher-tier laboratory methods for assessing the aquatic toxicity of pesticides     

Boxall AB  Brown CD  Barrett KL 《Pest management science》2002,58(7):637-648

Registration schemes for plant-protection products require applicants to assess the potential ecological risk of their products using a tiered approach. Standard aquatic ecotoxicity tests are used at lower tiers and clearly defined methodologies are available for assessing the potential environmental risks. Safety factors are incorporated into the assessment process to account for the uncertainties associated with the use of lower-tier single-species ecotoxicity studies. If lower-tier assessments indicate that a substance may pose a risk to the environment, impacts can be assessed using more environmentally realistic conditions through the use of either pond mesocosms, artificial streams or field monitoring studies. Whilst these approaches provide more realistic assessments, the results are difficult to interpret and extrapolation to other systems is problematic. Recently it has been recognised that laboratory approaches that are intermediate between standard aquatic toxicity tests and field/mesocosm studies may provide useful data and help reduce the uncertainties associated with standard single-species tests. However, limited guidance is available on what tests are available and how they can be incorporated into the risk-assessment process. This paper reviews a number of these higher-tier laboratory techniques, including modified exposure studies, species sensitivity studies, population studies and tests with sensitive life stages. Recommendations are provided on how the approaches can be incorporated into the risk-assessment process.  相似文献   

Exercise-induced collapse of Labrador retrievers: survey results and preliminary investigation of heritability     

Taylor SM  Shmon CL  Shelton GD  Patterson EN  Minor K  Mickelson JR 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2008,44(6):295-301

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Veterinarians keep an eye on the economy     

Burns K 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2008,233(4):537

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Ethical issues in publishing     

Katie Dunn 《The Journal of small animal practice》2008,49(2):63-64

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The impact of pain on the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine administered at the time of cautery dehorning in Holstein calves     

Michael D. Kleinhenz  Nicholas K. Van Engen  Patrick J. Gorden  Katie E. Kleinhenz  Butch Kukanich  Suzanne M. Rajewski  Philip Walsh  Johann F. Coetzee 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):849-857

Objective

To study the influence of pain on the pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory actions of transdermal flunixin administered at dehorning.

Study design

Prospective, crossover, clinical study.

Animals

A total of 16 male Holstein calves, aged 6–8 weeks weighing 61.3 ± 6.6 kg.

Methods

Calves were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: transdermal flunixin and dehorning (PAIN) or transdermal flunixin and sham dehorning (NO PAIN). Flunixin meglumine (3.33 mg kg^?1) was administered topically as a pour-on concurrently with hot iron dehorning or sham dehorning. The calves were subjected to the alternative treatment 14 days later. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points up to 72 hours for measurement of plasma flunixin concentrations. Pharmacokinetics parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) concentration was determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The 80% inhibition concentration (IC₈₀) of PGE₂ was determined using nonlinear regression. Pharmacokinetic data were statistically analyzed using paired t tests and Wilcoxon rank sums for nonparametric data. Flunixin and PGE₂ concentrations were log transformed and analyzed using repeated measures.

Results

A total of 15 calves completed the study. Plasma half-life of flunixin was significantly longer in PAIN (10.09 hours) than NO PAIN (7.16 hours) (p = 0.0202). Bioavailability of transdermal flunixin was 30% and 37% in PAIN and NO PAIN, respectively (p = 0.097). Maximum plasma concentrations of flunixin were 0.95 and 1.16 μg mL^?1 in PAIN and NO PAIN, respectively (p = 0.089). However, there was a treatment (PAIN versus NO PAIN) by time interaction (p = 0.0353). PGE₂ concentrations were significantly lower in the PAIN treatment at 48 and 72 hours (p = 0.0092 and p = 0.0287, respectively). The IC₈₀ of PGE₂ by flunixin was similar in both treatments (p = 0.88).

Conclusion and clinical relevance

Pain alters the pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory effects of transdermally administered flunixin.  相似文献   

Editorial     

Katie Dunn JSAP  Editor 《The Journal of small animal practice》2006,47(3):119-119

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Eye infections due to Listeria monocytogenes in three cows and one horse.     

Katie Evans  Mary Smith  Pat McDonough  Martin Wiedmann 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2004,16(5):464-469

A retrospective study was conducted to determine case histories, microbiological characteristics, and molecular subtypes associated with Listeria monocytogenes infections of the eye in large animals. For selected cases, environmental L. monocytogenes contamination patterns on case farms were also evaluated to probe for potential sources and spread of listerial eye infections. Records of 170 L. monocytogenes isolates from animal infections were reviewed to determine the fraction of isolates associated with eye infections (conjunctivitis, keratitis, and uveitis) of animals and to gather information on the clinical history of these cases. Overall, 4 of 170 Listeria monocytogenes isolates were associated with eye infections; 3 of these had occurred in cows and 1 in a horse. Molecular subtyping (by EcoRI ribotying) showed that 4 different L. monocytogenes subtypes were isolated from these 4 cases; the same ribotypes had previously been found among invasive animal listeriosis infections. Although a variety of L. monocytogenes subtypes were isolated from environmental sources, on 1 farm, the same ribotype associated with the eye infection was also isolated from a fecal sample of a healthy animal and from a soil sample. The data reported in this study further suggest that L. monocytogenes can be a cause of eye infections in several animal species. Listerial eye infections do not seem to require specific pathogen-related virulence characteristics but rather seem to be a function of environmental or host factors, such as direct exposure of the eyes of susceptible animals to high numbers of the pathogen. Although listerial eye infections are rarely diagnosed because of its ubiquitous nature, L. monocytogenes may have to be considered more commonly as a causative agent of eye infections in ruminants and horses.  相似文献   

Multifocal spinal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors in a juvenile paraparetic dog     

Erica Chávez-Peón Berle  Clay Hallman  Katie Kleinhenz  Brandon L. Plattner 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2023,64(2):E14-E18

A 1-year-old, female English Bulldog presented with a 10-day history of progressive paraparesis. Neuroanatomical localization was consistent with T3-L3 segment myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a severely compressive, mildly contrast enhancing, extradural, dorsal, broad-based mass at the level of L3-4. Similar, non-compressive, smaller nodules were present along the extradural space and dura mater of the caudal lumbar spine. Owners elected euthanasia based on these imaging findings and progressive clinical signs. Necropsy, histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed a mesenchymal mass and nodules, admixed with numerous inflammatory cells. The diagnosis of an extradural inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) with a multifocal presentation was made.  相似文献   

The experience of rural medicine     

Burns K 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2007,230(2):177-179

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Animal clones in the food supply     

Burns K 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2007,230(4):464-6, 468

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