Energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) balance of logging residues as alternative energy resources: system analysis based on the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Takuyuki Yoshioka  Kazuhiro Aruga  Toshio Nitami  Hiroshi Kobayashi  Hideo Sakai 《Journal of Forest Research》2005,10(2):125-134

Using the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, the energy balance and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission of logging residues from Japanese conventional forestry as alternative energy resources were analyzed over the entire life cycle of the residues. The fuel consumption for forestry machines was measured in field experiments for harvesting and transporting logging residues at forestry operating sites in Japan. In addition, a total audit of energy consumption was undertaken. It involved an assessment of materials, construction, and the repair and maintenance of forestry machines as well as the costs associated with an energy-conversion plant. As a result, the ratio of energy output to input was calculated to be 5.69, indicating that the system examined in this study could be feasible as an energy production system. The CO₂ emission per MWh_e (e: electricity) of the biomass-fired power generation plant was calculated to be 61.8kgCO₂/MWh_e, while that of coal-fired power generation plants in Japan is 960kgCO₂/MWh_e. Therefore, the reduction in the amount of CO₂ emission that would result from replacing coal with biomass for power generation by as much as 3.0 million dry-t/year of logging residues in Japan was estimated to be 1.66 million tCO₂/year, corresponding to 0.142% of the national CO₂ emission. This study provides evidence that Japan could reduce its domestic CO₂ emission by using logging residues as alternative energy resources.  相似文献   

Simple method for synthesizing phenolicβ-O-4 dilignols     

Shingo Kawai  Kyoko Okita  Kazuhiro Sugishita  Ai Tanaka  Hideo Ohash 《Journal of Wood Science》1999,45(5):440-443

A modified synthetic method for phenolic-O-4 lignin substructure model dimers was developed involving protection of the phenolic hydroxyl group of acetophenons with benzoyl chloride, bromination with 4-dimethylaminopyridiniumbromide perbromide, condensation with phenols in the presence of 18-crown-6-ether, condensation with paraformaldehyde, reduction with NaBH₄ and debenzoylation. This method results in shorter reaction times and increasing yields without the application of strict anhydrous and drastic conditions or chloric solvents. This alternative route could be applied to the-O-4 dilignol syntheses of four combinations of guaiacyl and syringyl derivatives.  相似文献   

Application of an airborne laser scanner to forest road design with accurate earthwork volumes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kazuhiro Aruga  John Sessions  Abdullah E. Akay 《Journal of Forest Research》2005,10(2):113-123

In this study we developed a forest road design program based on a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) from a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system. After a designer has located the intersection points on a horizontal plane, the model first generates the horizontal alignment and the ground profile. The model precisely generates cross-sections and accurately calculates earthwork volumes using a high-resolution DEM. The model then optimizes the vertical alignment based on construction and maintenance costs using a heuristic technique known as tabu search. As the distance between cross-sections affects the accuracy of earthwork volume calculations, the results were examined by comparing them with the exact earthwork volume calculated by the probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation method. The earthwork volumes calculated by the Pappus-based method were similar to those calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation when the distance between cross-sections was within 10m. The model was applied to a high-resolution DEM from the LIDAR of Capitol Forest in Washington State, USA. The model generated a horizontal alignment, length 827m, composed of five horizontal curves. We examined the number of grade change points. The results indicated that tabu search found the best solution ($61.42/m) with five grade change points. This was composed of two vertical curves that almost followed the ground profile. As the accuracy of a high-resolution DEM from LIDAR increases, the model would become a useful tool for a forest road designer because it eliminates or at least reduces the time-consuming process of road surveys.  相似文献   

Continuum contraction of tension wood fiber induced by repetitive hygrothermal treatment     

Sujan  KC  Yamamoto  Hiroyuki  Matsuo  Miyuki  Yoshida  Masato  Naito  Kazuhiro  Shirai  Tatsuya 《Wood Science and Technology》2015,49(6):1157-1169

Wood Science and Technology - Tension wood, when kiln-dried, is likely to deform hugely, which is probably caused by a gelatinous layer of the gelatinous fiber. To elucidate the mechanism behind...  相似文献   

Tooth brushing inhibits oral bacteria in dogs     

Kazuhiro WATANABE  Kotaro HAYASHI  Saku KIJIMA  Chie NONAKA  Kazuaki YAMAZOE 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2015,77(10):1323-1325

In this study, scaling, polishing and daily tooth brushing were performed in 20 beagle dogs, and the number of oral bacteria was determined using a bacterial counter. The dogs were randomized into the scaling (S), scaling + polishing (SP), scaling + tooth daily brushing (SB) and scaling + polishing + tooth daily brushing (SPB) groups. Samples were collected from the buccal surface of the maxillary fourth premolars of the dogs immediately after scaling and every week thereafter from weeks 1 to 8. Throughout the study, the number of bacteria was significantly lower in the SB and SPB groups compared with the S group. The findings suggest that daily tooth brushing inhibited oral bacterial growth in the dogs.  相似文献   

Quantification of horse plasma proteins altered by xylazine using the fluorogenic derivatization-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry     

Miwako MORI  Tomoko ICHIBANGASE  Shozo YAMASHITA  Isao KIJIMA-SUDA  Masahiro KAWAHARA  Kazuhiro IMAI 《Journal of Equine Science》2015,26(4):141-146

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Estimating harvest costs and projecting quantities of logging residues for small-scale forestry in Nasushiobara,Tochigi Prefecture,Japan     

Chikara Nakahata  Ryo Uemura  Masashi Saito  Kanae Kanetsuki  Kazuhiro Aruga 《林业研究》2014,25(4):965-974

We used GIS on a regional scale to estimate and compare supply potentials and costs of small-scale logging systems, a mini-forwarder and a 4-ton truck operated by private logging contractors, and manual logging and a light truck operated by individual forest own- ers, with the mechanized operational system of the Forest Owners＇ Asso- ciation. Total potential yields of timber and logging residues were esti- mated as 418,895 m3 and 254,962 m3, respectively. The economic bal- ances were estimated and available amounts were projected as supply potentials from profitable sub-compartments. As a result, available amounts of timber and logging residues were estimated at 375,466 m3 （89.9%） and 203,850 m3 （80.0%）, respectively. Because their transport expenses were lower than for other systems the most profitable sub-compartments were operated by private logging contractors who sold logging residues at a plant. The profitable sub-compartments operated by individual forest owners were few because the extracting distances were usually greater than 20 m. Raising logging residue prices from 3,000 yen·m-3 to 4,080 yen·m-3 or 6,800 yen·m-3, and establishing forest roads, which reduced some extracting distances to less than 20 m, increased the number and area of profitable sub＊compartments, and increased available amounts of logging residues.  相似文献   

Functions of Chisan dams in large-scale granular mass-flow experiments on Sakurajima volcano pumiceous clasts     

Yasuhiko Okada 《Journal of Forest Research》2014,19(6):493-500

We investigated the fundamental behaviour of Chisan (check) dams in response to the presence or absence of impounded sediment with different levels of saturation. Large-scale model flume experiments were conducted by use of a model Chisan dam that had been backfilled with pumiceous clasts taken from the Sakurajima volcano in Kagoshima prefecture, Japan. In these experiments, the miniature dam was situated midway down the flume under different backfill sediment conditions and the basal pore-fluid pressure, normal flow depth, and impact load of the granular mass were carefully monitored. Saturated sediment with a volume of 0.6 m³ was released along the slope of the flume segment at 30° and excess pore-fluid pressure was generated, corresponding to a sediment velocity of approximately 4.8 m s^?1. Direct collision of the sediment with the Chisan dam meant the peak impact loads of granular mass against the back surface of the dam exceeded 157 N in experiments without backfill sediment but were as low as 32.1 N in experiments with sediment. Accordingly, placing the backfill sediment substantially reduced peak impact loads. The sediment captured by the Chisan dams was also calculated. For experiments using saturated backfill sediment, the dam captured only 35 % of the material, indicating that most of the granular mass passed over the dam. However, in experiments without backfill sediment or with unsaturated backfill sediment, over 90 % was captured. Although Chisan dams with unsaturated backfill sediment lacked pocket space, almost equivalent granular masses were trapped in these experiments. On the basis of these results, we suggest that Chisan dams with unsaturated backfill sediment could effectively counter debris flow, reducing sediment loads along the streams draining Sakurajima volcano.  相似文献   

Examining the Optimal Method to Extract Logging Residues from Small-Scale Forestry in the Nasunogahara Area,Tochigi Prefecture,Japan     

Chikara Nakahata  Kazuhiro Aruga  Ryo Uemura  Masashi Saito  Kanae Kanetsuki 《Small-Scale Forestry》2014,13(2):251-266

This study examines the optimal method to extract logging residues from small, fragmented and scattered forests separately from the mechanized operational systems used on aggregated forestry operation sites. First, small-scale logging systems operated by a private logging contractor and an individual forest owner were investigated. Regression equations for estimating felling and processing cycle times were established as a function of stem and log volumes, respectively. Equations to estimate the forwarding and transporting cycle times were established as a function of the forwarding and transporting distances using the forwarding and transporting velocities, respectively. Then, equations to estimate productivities and costs were established with the cycle times, volumes and hourly operational expenses consisting of labour and machinery expenses. Finally, costs of the small-scale systems—mini-forwarder and 4 t truck operated by a private logging contractor, and manual logging and light truck operated by an individual forest owner—were estimated and compared with the mechanized operation system operated by the Forest Owners’ Association. The mechanized operation system was found to have the highest cost and could not compete for small forestry operational sites and small stem volumes. The small-scale systems could be effective for harvesting small areas. This was especially true when conducting extracting operations without machines, as done by the individual forest owner, and transporting operations by a private logging contractor, in which the hourly income of the individual forest owner was higher than the hourly labour expenses.  相似文献   

Effect of dietary astaxanthin rich yeast,Phaffia rhodozyma,on meat quality of broiler chickens     

Ganzaya Perenlei  Hitomi Tojo  Toru Okada  Masatoshi Kubota  Motoni Kadowaki  Shinobu Fujimura 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(10):895-903

We evaluated effects of dietary supplementation with astaxanthin (Ax)‐rich yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), on broiler chicken meat quality. Fourteen‐day‐old female Ross broilers were divided into three groups: control group, Ax‐free diet; Ax 10 group, 10 mg/kg Ax diet; and Ax 20 group, 20 mg/kg Ax diet for 28 days. At 42 days old, chickens were slaughtered, and then growth performance, meat quality and sensory attributes were analyzed. Compared with the control, a* values increased significantly after slaughter and 48 h postmortem for Ax 20 samples (P < 0.05) and for b* values in Ax 20 and Ax 10 groups (P < 0.05). Cooking loss decreased in the Ax 20 group (P < 0.05). After 120 h aging, contents of several free amino acids and total free amino acid content of Ax 20 group were significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05). In sensory evaluation, meat texture attributes improved significantly in the Ax 20 group (P < 0.01). No significant changes occurred in flavor attribute scores of meat soup from the Ax 20 group compared with the control even though most assessors preferred meat soup from the Ax 20 group. Overall, Ax‐rich yeast in the diet improves broiler chicken meat quality.  相似文献