Medicine. A portfolio model of drug development for tuberculosis     

Glickman SW  Rasiel EB  Hamilton CD  Kubataev A  Schulman KA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5765):1246-1247

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Relationship between crystallization behavior, microstructure, and macroscopic properties in trans containing and trans free coating fats and coatings     

Foubert I  Vereecken J  Smith KW  Dewettinck K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(19):7256-7262

The objective of this study is to gain further understanding into the relationship between crystallization behavior, microstructure, and macroscopic properties in coating fats. The isothermal crystallization behavior of two coating fats (one trans containing and one trans free) was examined, both as pure fats and in coatings, by DSC and microscopy. Furthermore, the hardness of the samples was examined after cooling in a water bath at two different temperatures and at three different storage times. Both fats seemed to show an alpha-mediated beta' crystallization at lower temperatures and a direct beta' crystallization at higher temperatures. The trans free coating fat clearly crystallized faster and in smaller crystals. The hardness was governed not only by the amount of solid fat present in the network but also by the structure of this network. The coating matrix components seem to have a pronounced influence on the microstructure and thus on the macroscopic properties.  相似文献   

Safety assessment of cre recombinase   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hileman RE  Bonner HK  Kaempfe TA  Hammond BG  Glenn KC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(22):8640-8647

Cre recombinase, when used as a tool in agricultural biotechnology, can precisely excise DNA sequences that may be useful in the introduction of a new trait but are not needed in the commercial product. Although the cre genetic material would not be present in the final product, the present studies were performed to assess the safety of Cre recombinase to provide confirmatory evidence of the safe use of Cre-lox technology in agricultural biotechnology. Cre recombinase shares no relevant sequence similarity to known allergens or toxins. When Cre recombinase was exposed to a pH 1.2 solution of simulated gastric fluid lacking pepsin, CD spectroscopy showed that there was a loss of secondary structure and that the protein was no longer active in a functional assay. Cre recombinase was degraded rapidly when exposed to pepsin in a standardized gastric digestion model; therefore, Cre recombinase would not survive the harsh gastric environment. When orally administered to mice as an acute dosage of 53 mg/kg of body weight, no treatment-related adverse findings were observed. These data support the conclusion that human and animal dietary exposure to Cre recombinase pose no known safety concerns; consistent with the fact that bacteriophage P1, the source of the cre gene and expressed protein, is commonly encountered in the environment and in normal enteric bacteria without reports of adverse consequences.  相似文献   

Confirmation of peanut protein using peptide markers in dark chocolate using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shefcheck KJ  Callahan JH  Musser SM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(21):7953-7959

Detection of peptides from the peanut allergen Ara h 1 by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify and estimate total peanut protein levels in dark chocolate. A comparison of enzymatic digestion subsequent to and following extraction of Ara h 1 from the food matrix revealed better limits of detection (LOD) for the pre-extraction digestion (20 ppm) than for the postextraction digestion (50 ppm). Evaluation of LC-MS instruments and scan modes showed the LOD could be further reduced to 10 ppm via a triple-quadrupole and multiple-reaction monitoring. Improvements in extraction techniques combined with an increase in the amount of chocolate extracted (1 g) improved the LOD to 2 ppm of peanut protein. This method provides an unambiguous means of confirming the presence of the peanut protein in foods using peptide markers from a major allergen, Ara h 1, and can easily be modified to detect other food allergens.  相似文献   

The impact of knowledge and social influences on adolescents' breast-feeding beliefs and intentions     

Swanson V  Power K  Kaur B  Carter H  Shepherd K 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(3):297-305

OBJECTIVES: Many health promotion educational interventions assume that increasing knowledge directly influences beliefs, intentions and behaviour, whereas research suggests that knowledge alone is insufficient for behavioural change. Social cognition frameworks such as the Theory of Reasoned Action propose a central role for beliefs and social normative influences. This Scottish study evaluates the role of knowledge and social influences (subjective norms, exposure to breast-feeding, social barriers) on beliefs and future intentions to breast-feed or bottle-feed. Social influences from family and peers are investigated.DESIGN: A cross-sectional between-subjects observational design was used. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 229 (46%) male and 267 (54%) female adolescents aged 11-18 years.SETTING: Participants completed questionnaires during lessons at three secondary schools in Central Scotland.RESULTS: Knowledge about health benefits of breast-feeding was generally poor. Analyses found that perceived social barriers to breast-feeding moderated the relationship between knowledge and beliefs. More knowledge, positive beliefs and supportive subjective norms also predicted future intentions to breast-feed. Parental norms exerted greater influence than peer norms on adolescents' breast-feeding beliefs.CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge and social influences are important predictors of positive breast-feeding beliefs and future intentions to breast-feed in adolescents. This has important implications for breast-feeding health promotion interventions in young people.  相似文献   

Hymenoptera stings     

Fitzgerald KT  Flood AA 《Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice》2006,21(4):194-204

The medically important groups of Hymenoptera are the Apoidea (bees), Vespoidea (wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets), and Formicidae (ants). These insects deliver their venom by stinging their victims. Bees lose their barbed stinger after stinging and die. Wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets can sting multiple times. Most deaths related to Hymenoptera stings are the result of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, causing anaphylaxis. Massive envenomations can cause death in nonallergic individuals. The estimated lethal dose is approximately 20 stings/kg in most mammals. Anaphylactic reactions to Hymenoptera stings are not dose dependent or related to the number of stings. Bee and wasp venoms are made up primarily of protein. Conversely, fire ant venoms are 95% alkaloids. Four possible reactions are seen after insect stings: local reactions, regional reactions, systemic anaphylactic responses, and less commonly, delayed-type hypersensitivity. Clinical signs of bee and wasp stings include erythema, edema, and pain at the sting site. Occasionally, animals develop regional reactions. Onset of life-threatening, anaphylactic signs typically occur within 10 minutes of the sting. Diagnosis of bee and wasp stings stem from a history of potential contact matched with onset of appropriate clinical signs. Treatment of uncomplicated envenomations (stings) consists of conservative therapy (antihistamines, ice or cool compresses, topical lidocaine, or corticosteroid lotions). Prompt recognition and initiation of treatment is critical in successful management of anaphylactic reactions to hymenopteran stings. Imported fire ants both bite and sting, and envenomation only occurs through the sting. Anaphylaxis after imported fire ant stings is treated similarly to anaphylactic reactions after honeybee and vespid stings. The majority of Hymenopteran stings are self-limiting events, which resolve in a few hours without treatment. Because life-threatening anaphylactic reactions can progress rapidly, all animals stung should be closely monitored and observed. In the following review article, we will examine the sources and incidence, toxicokinetics, pathological lesions, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for dogs and cats suffering Hymenoptera stings.  相似文献   

Morphine-associated pruritus after single extradural administration in a horse     

Burford JH  Corley KT 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2006,33(3):193-198

Pruritus following a single administration of 100 microg kg(-1) of preservative-free morphine sulphate given via an extradural catheter was seen in a 580 kg horse. The catheter was placed in the first intercoccygeal space. Focal irritation, represented by both local alopecia over the left gluteal muscles and serum exudation, occurred 4-8 hours after injection. This was attributed to the extradural morphine administration.  相似文献   

Clostridial abomasal disease in Connecticut dairy calves     

Herbert J. Van Kruiningen  Carol A. Nyaoke  Inga F. Sidor  Jaroslaw J. Fabis  Lynn S. Hinckley  Kevin A. Lindell 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2009,50(8):857-860

Over 2 years, 24 dairy calves died of emphysematous abomasitis and abomasal bloat. Anaerobic cultures of necrotic abomasal mucosa yielded Clostridium perfringens from 10 of 15 calves. Sarcina were observed in 17 of 22 examined histologically. A change in the antibiotic regimen for newborns and improved sanitizing of feeding utensils eliminated further losses.  相似文献   

Principles and Practice of Therapeutic Exercise for Horses     

Rebecca Paulekas  Kevin K. Haussler  DVM  DC  PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2009

Physical therapists are an integral component of the medical team in human health care. They are backed by a solid foundation of basic science and clinical research. Veterinarians have only recently begun to incorporate physical therapy into clinical practice, but without formal research that validates therapeutic interventions specific to equine patients. The purpose of this article is to present a series of therapeutic exercises adapted for horses based on knowledge and experience of human physical therapy, equine biomechanics, and the types of movement dysfunction commonly seen in the performance horse. Injuries, lameness and musculoskeletal pain syndromes, frequently encountered in equine practice, are disorders that may be successfully addressed with physical therapy. Incorporating standard therapeutic interventions based on clinical success in humans, basic science research, or expert opinion is possible with the understanding that these techniques will ultimately be accepted or refuted when their success or failure is formally documented. This review is designed to stimulate discussion and encourage research that will add to the knowledge base and lead to effective therapeutic protocols in the equine patient.  相似文献   

Comparative infection efficiency of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus field isolates on MA104 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages          下载免费PDF全文

Martha Fuentes de Abin  Gordon Spronk  Mark Wagner  Mark Fitzsimmons  Juan E. Abrahante  Michael P. Murtaugh 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2009,73(3):200-204

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