Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1985/1986     

Jürgen Schultze-Motel  Reinhard Fritsch  Karl Hammer  Peter Hanelt  Joachim Kruse  Helga I. Maas  Harald Ohole  Klaus Pistrick 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1987,35(2):421-439

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1985 and 1986 were compiled and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1985/1986

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1985 und 1986 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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¶rt; : 1985–1986

¶rt; , 1985 1986 . .

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Untersuchungen zur Systematik der GattungRaphanus L     

Klaus Pistrick 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1987,35(2):225-321

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Soil‐ and plant‐based nitrogen‐fertilizer recommendations in arable farming     

Hans‐Werner Olfs  Klaus Blankenau  Frank Brentrup  Jrg Jasper  Axel Link  Joachim Lammel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(4):414-431

Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO ‐N (and NH ‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha^–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach.  相似文献   

Extraktion eines kupferbelasteten Bodens unter Verwendung eines aminosäurehaltigen Reststoffhydrolysats. 2. Elutionsdynamik und Bilanzierung der Aminosäuren nach kontinuierlichem Eintrag in Bodensäulen     

Klaus Fischer  Karlheinz Blay  Jarmila Kotalik  Peter Riemschneider  Dietmar Klotz  Antonius Kettrup 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1997,160(4):511-518

Extraction of a copper contaminated soil material by the percolation of an amino acid containing residue hydrolysate. 2. Time course of amino acid elution and input/output balance of amino acids During 16 days an amino acid containing blood meal hydrolysate (amino acid concentration: 188 mMol·L^?1) was percolated through a column packed soil material (soil content per column: 4.1 kg dry weight, four parallels). The copper contaminated material (soil type: Typic Udifluvent, soil texture: sandy loam, loamy sand) was sampled from an area formerly used for cultivation of hop (Humulus lupus). Besides the investigation of the copper liberation the experiments aimed to determine the elution dynamic and input/output balance of amino acids (time span for amino acids balance 14 days). In total 11.7 L of hydrolysate, containing 2.2 Mol of amino acids, were introduced into each column. The mean amino acid output with the column effluent was 1.13 Mol. This corresponds to an elution degree of 51.2%, related to the sum of applicated amino acids, and to a mean substance specific elution degree of 48.4% reflecting the elution of 15 compounds. The substance specific elution ranged from 9.6% (serine) to 75.5% (valine). The highest concentrations of serine and threonine were determined in the effluents after two days, whereas the histidine concentration was highest at the last sampling. The differences in the percolation properties of the amino acids are discussed in terms of important retention and elimination processes (biodegradation, ad-/desorption, intercalation).  相似文献   

Morphology and Physiology of the Seminal Root System of Young Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants as Influenced by a Locally Restricted Nitrate Supply     

Burkhard Sattelmacher  Klaus Thoms 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1995,158(5):493-497

In water culture the effect of a locally restricted NO₃ supply to the seminal root system of maize seedlings was studied. For this purpose plants were cultivated in containers with a wide-bore polyethylene tube positioned horizontally. Roots were suited through small holes in this tube and after sealing the holes with a non-toxic silicon putty, root segments in the tube could be exposed to a different nutrient solution from the rest of the root system in the outer compartment. In case of a locally restricted NO₃ supply (NO₃ was just supplied to the root segment within the tube), we observed an increase in root growth beginning at the fifth day after onset of the treatment. NO₃ uptake rate (¹⁵N) within the tube was significantly higher than in control plants (receiving NO₃ to the entire root system) as early as two days after onset of the treatment. One day later respiration (O₂ consumption) of the root segment exposed to NO₃ increased and at the same day we observed an accumulation of ¹⁴C activity (after pulse labelling of the shoots with ¹⁴CO₂) suggesting an increased phloem unloading. It is argued that this leads to the measured increase in IAA activity (Radio Immuno Assay) in the zone of NO₃ supply. Beginning at the fifth day we observed a stimulation of cell division rate (incorporation of ³H-methylthymidine), accompanied by an increase in length of first order lateral roots.  相似文献   

Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1983/1984     

Jürgen Schultze-Motel  Reinhard Fritsch  Karl Hammer  Peter Hanelt  Joachim Kruse  Harald Ohle  Klaus Pistrick 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1985,33(2):307-324

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1983 and 1984 were complied and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1983/1984

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1983 und 1984 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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: 1983–1984

, 1983 1984 . .

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Report of a collecting mission to the Georgian SSR 1983 for the study of indigenous material of cultivated plants     

Rusudan K. Beridze  Reinhard Fritsch  Klaus Pistrick  Irina M. Sakvarelidze 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1984,32(4):217-227

Summary In the summer 1983 the joint activities for the collection of autochthonous material of cultivated plants have been continued in the outermost western regions of Georgia (Abkhazia, Megrelia). Altogether 434 accessions could be obtained, more than one third of them being grain legumes, and one fourth vegetables and spice plants, resp. The remaining part includes mainly maize. Gene-erosion is very advanced especially for cereals and some grain legumes besidesPhaseolus vulgaris for which an astonishing genetic variability could be confirmed within the local material. Some details of the accessions regarding botanical interest and breeding value have been outlined. The collecting work should be continued.

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Bericht über eine Reise in die Georgische SSR 1983 zur Sammlung indigenen Materials von Kulturpflanzen

Zusammenfassung Im Sommer 1983 wurde eine weitere gemeinsame Reise zur Sammlung autochthonen Kulturpflanzenmaterials unternommen, die in die westlichen Teile von West-Georgien (Abchasien, Megrelien) führte. Es konnten insgesamt 434 Proben gesammelt werden, von denen mehr als ein Drittel Körnerleguminosen und je etwa ein Viertel Gemüse- und Gewürzpflanzen waren. Getreide war fast ausschließlich durch Mais vertreten. Die Gen-Erosion ist bei Getreide und einigen Körnerleguminosen bereits sehr weit fortgeschritten, während beiPhaseolus vulgaris wiederum eine erstaunliche Vielfalt an Formen festgestellt werden konnte. Besonders interessantes Material von Knoblauch, Blattkohlformen und einigen Spinatgemüsen wird kurz vorgestellt. Die Sammeltätigkeit sollte fortgesetzt werden.

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1983 .

1983 . ¶rt; , (, ). 434 , , . . , . , «» . .

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Oberflächenstrukturen und Eigenschaften von Permafrostböden im nordsibirischen Lena-Delta     

Klaus Mueller 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1997,160(4):497-503

Patterned ground and properties of permafrost soils of the Northsiberian Lena Delta The land surface of the Lena Delta is covered by polygon structures with scattered pingos and dunes. There exist so-called aerated, swampy and open polygons (open water surface) with Gelic Gleysols and Gelic Histosols (gelundic phase). The soils show only minor signs of cryoturbation and weathering. They contain high amounts of silt and slightly decomposed organic matter down to soil depths far beyond the permafrost table during summer. The soil surface is rising due to accumulation of organic matter and periodic flooding. This leads to a continuous rise of the permafrost table and subsequently to a permafrost freeze storage of plant material. The soils are therefore effective carbon sinks. On top of an investigated pingo a Gleyi-gelic Cambisol developed due to windexposed position, good drainage and higher soil temperatures connnected with a deeper permafrost table. This soil did not show any signs of cryoturbation. It has a relatively low content of organic matter due to a higher mineralization. As a consequence of frost effected sorting and wind erosion the soil material near to the surface is rich in sand and has a reduced silt content.  相似文献   

Chromatographische Trennung von teerbürtigen PAK in einem Boden     

Klaus Prade 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1995,158(4):361-363

Chromatographic separation of tarborne PAH in a soil At coal gas production sites soils are frequently infiltrated by fluid coal tar. From tar-filled pores a further diffusive and/or convective dispersion of PAH into the soil matrix occurs. Results from a contaminated site indicate, that the systematic change of the PAH congener pattern along the transport vector is due to differences in solubility and adsorption. This leads to a chromatographic fractionation of the initial PAH mixture with the least adsorbed congeneres forming the front of PAH translocation and the strongest adsorbed congeneres moving clearly slower.  相似文献   

Die Oberflächenladung der Ton-Humusfraktion aus Schwarzerden als Funktion von pH und Ca-Konzentration     

Klaus Bckenhoff  Stefan Gall  Walter R. Fischer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1997,160(2):341-346

Surface charge of clay-humus fractions from Chernozems as a function of pH and Ca-concentration The charge characteristics of clay-humus fractions from A-horizons of several Chernozems as a function of Ca concentration and pH of the soil solution was investigated. The surface charge was measured by titration with charge compensating polyelectrolytes; the endpoint was at zero potential. A logarithmic dependence of the surface charge [mol_c/kg] on the Ca concentration of the soil solution in the range ? 2 mmol/L was observed. The influence of pH on the surface charge was almost linear over a wide range of pH-values, the change in pH-dependent charges being most pronounced for the horizons with low Ca saturation on the exchange sites. It was also found that the competition between protons and Ca ions for the exchange sites leads to a distinct decrease of the influence of Ca concentration on the surface charge in acid environment. The reason for slaking of the soil surface and of the displacement of clay-humus particles in Chernozems could be attributed to an increase in surface charge with decreasing Ca concentrations after leaching of lime. According to the present findings the drop in mobility of the clay-humus fractions during acidification could be explained by a charge compensating effect of protons and aluminium ions.  相似文献