A method for visualizing cesium ions adsorbed on wood charcoal using SEM–EDX     

Takayuki?YamagishiEmail author  Yasuji?Kurimoto  Shigeru?Yamauchi 《Wood Science and Technology》2017,51(2):413-429

A new method based on scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) was developed for visualizing the distribution of cesium ions (Cs⁺) adsorbed by Japanese cedar charcoal. After being soaked in saturated aqueous CsCl solutions, wood charcoal and regular wood samples were embedded in resin, and thin sections of sample were prepared for the Cs⁺ observations. The Cs⁺ ions on charcoal could be seen in EDX mapping images and also in line profiles with enough contrast to identify differences between the various carbonized cell wall regions. On the other hand, Cs⁺ could not be observed in the EDX mapping images of wood samples, despite having been soaked in a saturated aqueous CsCl solution. These results indicate that Cs⁺ adsorbed on charcoal can be visualized using this method, but not Cs⁺ in wood. Additionally, oxygen detected on the charcoal by EDX can be regarded as an indicator of the presence of surface functional groups.  相似文献   

Formation of a complex with aluminum by ozone-treated kraft lignins and their low molecular weight fragments     

Hikaru Aimi  Ko Tahara  Yasuji Kurimoto  Shigeru Yamauchi 《Journal of Wood Science》2010,56(2):133-139

The formation of a complex with aluminum by low molecular weight compounds and saponified ozone-treated kraft lignins was evaluated based on the decrease in pH of their solutions on the addition of 0.1 M AlCl₃. Decreases in pH were observed with the solutions containing compounds having adjacent carboxyl groups (oxalic acid), carboxyl/alcoholic hydroxyl groups (glycolic acid), carboxyl/formyl groups (glyoxylic acid), and phenolic hydroxyl groups (protocatechuic acid) on the addition of 0.1 M AlCl₃. The malonic and phthalic acids, having two carboxyl groups, were also effective. These results show that the compounds were effective in forming complexes with aluminum. This finding corresponds to the fact that aluminum toxicity is reduced by formation of a complex with aluminum, except in phthalic acid. The chemical structures stated above in ozone-treated kraft lignins contribute, at least partly, to the complex with aluminum. The pH of solutions containing saponified ozone-treated kraft lignins and alkaline-treated kraft lignin decreased more than that without modified kraft lignins on the addition of 0.1 M AlCl₃, showing that they were effective in forming a complex with aluminum. The high molecular weight part of saponified ozone-treated kraft lignin was effective in forming a complex with aluminum and in reducing its toxicity.  相似文献   

Evidence-based identification of the most important livestock related zoonotic diseases in Kampala, Uganda     

Makita K  Fèvre EM  Waiswa C  Kaboyo W  Eisler MC  Welburn SC 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(8):991-1000

Urban and peri-urban livestock farming in developing countries plays an important role in food security in cities; however it brings with it zoonotic risks. The present study was conducted to identify the most important livestock farming-related zoonotic diseases among the human population in urban and peri-urban areas of Kampala, Uganda and to assess the risks from such farming. A framework for identifying livestock farming-related significant zoonoses was developed. The process consisted of screening of medical record summaries for zoonotic diagnoses, selection of the zoonoses which are related to livestock farming, case estimation of the identified zoonoses and evidence-based reassurance of the importance of diseases. Medical records in the Mulago National Referral Hospital were used for the analysis. Leaders and residents of 75 Local Councils (LC1s: villages; 48 urban, 11 peri-urban and 16 rural) randomly selected in Kampala were interviewed for information regarding livestock farming systems, value chains and use of medical service units. Twelve zoonoses were identified in the screening and four out of them were related to livestock farming: animal sourced food-borne gastroenteritis, brucellosis, Taenia solium neuro-cysticercosis and Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis. Livestock farming, value chain and severity of the diseases confirmed that all four diseases were important. Poor geographical correlation between animals in peri-urban and rural areas and patients in urban areas suggested that the majority of these zoonoses were caused by informally-marketed foods.  相似文献   

Ground-dwelling beetle community in beech forests of Sado Island,Japan: comparison with the mainland     

Hiroshi Ikeda  Kosuke Homma  Kohei Kubota 《Journal of Forest Research》2008,13(6):357-364

Island ecosystems differ from mainland ecosystems in their long-term isolation. On Sado Island, Japan, cattle grazing in the past gradually changed forests into grasslands, thereby altering the diversity of indigenous insects. We compared ground-dwelling beetle diversity on Sado Island to that on the nearby mainland. Contrary to previous reports, the island isolation effect resulted in lower γ and β diversity than on the mainland, because of the low species richness of beetles with low dispersal abilities. Few flightless beetles could invade Sado Island, even when the beech forests on the island were relatively adjacent to those on the mainland. Such a history of ecosystem formation could be the general pattern for continental-island mountain forests that were never connected to those of the mainland. We did not observe low α diversity of ground-dwelling beetles, suggesting that the cattle grazing history of the island has not changed environmental conditions for ground-dwelling beetles enough to reduce their diversity. In addition, cattle grazing increases the abundance of merdivorous insects by increasing the abundance of their food resource. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

Immunohistochemical study on changes in gill Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit during smoltification in the wild masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou     

K. Ura  S. Mizuno  T. Okubo  Y. Chida  N. Misaka  S. Adachi  K. Yamauchi 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1997,17(1-6):397-403

Changes in immunoreactivity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit in gill sections of wild masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) during the parr-smolt transformation (smoltification) were compared with changes in gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity. Gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity increased from April and peaked in May. Immunohistochemical analysis, using an antiserum against a synthetic oligopeptide based on the conserved region of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit, revealed that immunoreactivity was confined to chloride cells in the surface layer of primary lamellae and the proximal end of secondary lamellae. The size and number of these cells increased gradually from February to May; however, the number of chloride cells of the secondary lamellae decreased in May. These data suggest that the synthesis of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and the proliferation of chloride cells occur prior to the elevation of enzyme activity. Moreover, it is likely the proliferation and hypertrophy of chloride cells on primary lamellae prepare smolts for entry into seawater and migration in the ocean.  相似文献   

Identification of domestic cat hepadnavirus from a cat blood sample in Japan     

Kazuki TAKAHASHI  Yasuyuki KANEKO  Akiko SHIBANAI  Shushi YAMAMOTO  Ayana KATAGIRI  Tatsuyuki OSUGA  Yoshiyuki INOUE  Kohei KURODA  Mika TANABE  Tamaki OKABAYASHI  Kiyokazu NAGANOBU  Isao MINOBE  Akatsuki SAITO 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2022,84(5):648

The hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae) induces chronic hepatitis and hepatic cancer in humans. A novel domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH) was recently identified in several countries, however, the DCH infection status of cats in Japan is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the DCH infection rate of 139 cat samples collected in Japan. We identified one positive blood sample (0.78%) from a 17-year-old female cat with chronically elevated alanine aminotransferase. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the DCH strain identified in this study is genetically different from strains in other countries. Further investigations are required to elucidate the evolution of DCH and the impact of DCH infection on hepatic diseases in domestic cats.  相似文献   

Testicular function of scrotal testes after the cryptorchidectomy in dogs with unilateral cryptorchidism     

E Kawakami  T Tsutsui  Y Yamada  A Ogasa  M Yamauchi 《Nippon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science》1988,50(6):1239-1244

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Seasonality of serum levels of vitellogenin in male Japanese whiting, Sillago japonica, reared under natural temperature and photoperiod     

Komei  HOTTA  Takayuki  WATANABE  Chiho  KISHIDA  Yukio  NAKAMURA  Nobuyuki  OHKUBO  Takahiro  MATSUBARA  Shinji  ADACHI  Kohei  YAMAUCHI 《Fisheries Science》2003,69(3):555-562

ABSTRACT:   Because blood vitellogenin (Vg) has been considered a biomarker for environmental estrogens, the basal levels of Vg and 17β-estradiol (E₂) were determined in male Japanese whiting reared under natural conditions. Serum levels of Vg and E₂ were measured and gonadal development was assessed by gonadosomatic index (GSI) and histological observation in 8–10 male fish at monthly intervals throughout the annual reproductive cycle. Serum E₂ was <60 pg/mL throughout the study period. In contrast, serum Vg exhibited seasonal changes: serum levels of Vg gradually increased from April to May (mean 63 ± 13 ng/mL and 124 ± 48 ng/mL in April and May, respectively), and then reached a peak value (mean 352 ± 68 ng/mL) in June. Thereafter, serum Vg gradually decreased, reaching undetectable levels (<50 ng/mL) in October. Serum levels of Vg tended to increase in the male fish in which the GSI was >1%. Histological observation revealed that testes in such male fish were in active spermatogenesis and then all of the testes of male fish in which serum Vg decreased to ND levels were regressed. These results suggest that Vg productive potency (sensitivity to estrogens) may increase in the spermatogenic stage, resulting in production of Vg in response to very low levels of natural or xenobiotic estrogens.  相似文献   

Immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes (P450scc, P450c17, P450arom) in gonad of Japanese eel     

Shigeho Ijiri  Norio Takei  Shinji Andachi  Kohei Yamauchi 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2003,28(1-4):209-210

Antibodies against P450scc, P450c17 and P450arom were generated using recombinant proteins. In eel testis, P450scc and P450c17 were immunolocalized as clusters in Leydig cells. In vitellogenic eel ovary, P450scc and P450c17 immunoreactive cells were localized as clusters in the outer layer of the ovarian follicle. In contrast, P450arom seemed to be immunolocalized in the innermost follicle layer.  相似文献   

Effects of force‐feeding and dietary cereals on gastrointestinal size,intestinal absorptive ability and endogenous nitrogen in ducks     

Z.‐X. Zhou  Y. Isshiki  K. Yamauchi  Y. Nakahiro 《British poultry science》1990,31(2):307-317

1. Gastrointestinal size, intestinal absorption of glucose and L‐methionine, and intestinal endogenous nitrogen in Pekin ducks were measured after the birds were subjected to force‐feeding with excessive amounts of a diet based on maize or barley for 12 d.

2. Force‐feeding significantly increased the weight and area of the crop, the weight of the proventriculus, the length and area of the jejunum and ileum, but decreased the weight of the gizzard and the thickness of its caudodorsal thick muscle. Feeding a barley‐based diet also decreased the thickness of caudodorsal thick muscle of gizzard.

3. Force‐feeding enhanced the absorption rates (μmol/cm²) of glucose and L‐methionine in both jejunum and ileum. Ducks fed on a maize‐based diet showed a slightly higher absorption rate of glucose compared to those fed on a barley‐based diet.

4. Force‐feeding caused a significant increase of endogenous non‐protein nitrogen (μg/cm²/h) in both jejunum and ileum and a slight increase of endogenous protein nitrogen in the jejunum.  相似文献