Composition and improvement of grass straw for ruminant nutrition   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J Guggolz  G O Kohler  T J Klopfenstein 《Journal of animal science》1971,33(1):151-156

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Protection of pigs against neonatal enteric colibacillosis with colostrum and milk from orally vaccinated sows   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

E M Kohler 《American journal of veterinary research》1974,35(3):331-338

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Priming as a Mechanism in Induced Systemic Resistance of Plants   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

U. Conrath  O. Thulke  V. Katz  S. Schwindling  A. Kohler 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(1):113-119

Induced systemic resistance is a plant defence state that is associated with an enhanced ability – the so-called priming – to resist pathogen attack by stronger activation of cellular defence responses. So far, however, priming has not been widely appreciated when studying induced plant disease resistance. During the past several years, it has been demonstrated that pre-treatment of cultured parsley cells with inducers of systemic resistance, salicylic acid or a benzothiadiazole, leads to the direct activation of a set of defence-related genes and also primes the cells for stronger elicitation of another set of defence genes including those encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. From these results, it was concluded that the resistance inducers have at least a dual role in plant defence-gene activation. When elucidating whether priming plays a role in induced systemic resistance of Arabidopsis, pre-treating plants with benzothiadiazole was found to augment the subsequent activation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes by Pseudomonas infection, wounding and osmotic stress and also to enhance wound/osmotic stress-induced callose production. The augmentation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene activation or/and callose deposition was not seen in the Arabidopsis non-expresser of pathogenesis-related genes1 mutant which is compromised in induced resistance, while it was present, without benzothiadiazole pre-treatment, in the constitutive expresser of pr genes1 and 5 mutants in which induced resistance is constitutive. Together these studies point to priming as an important cellular mechanism in induced systemic resistance of plants which requires the intact non-expresser of pathogenesis-related genes1 gene.  相似文献   

Serological survey for antibodies against pestiviruses in sheep in Austria     

Krametter-Frötscher R  Loitsch A  Kohler H  Schleiner A  Schiefer P  Möstl K  Golja F  Baumgartner W 《The Veterinary record》2007,160(21):726-730

The prevalence of antibodies to pestiviruses was investigated in 4931 sheep, in 377 flocks, in four federal states of Austria, by means of an indirect elisa that detected antibodies to Border disease virus (BDV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The mean flock prevalence was 62.9 per cent and the mean individual prevalence was 29.4 per cent. Comparative neutralisation studies on the elisa-positive samples with BVDV type 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV type 2 (BVDV-2) and BDV recorded 336 samples with higher titres (more than four times average) to BVDV-1, three samples with higher titres to BVDV-2 and 55 samples with higher titres to BDV. The other samples did not show clear differences in antibody titres against the strains of pestivirus tested because of cross-reactions. The seroprevalence of pestiviruses in sheep was significantly higher on farms with cattle. There were significant regional differences between the prevalences in flocks and individual sheep, the highest prevalences being in the region of Austria where communal alpine pasturing of sheep, goats and cattle is an important part of farming.  相似文献   

Replacement of Marine Feedstuffs with Stabilized Poultry Protein Meal and Fat in Practical Diets for Sunshine Bass,Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis     

Jesse T. Trushenski  Christopher C. Kohler 《Journal Of Applied Aquaculture》2013,25(4):329-350

We evaluated production performance and fillet composition of sunshine bass fed increasing levels of stabilized poultry protein meal (PM) and poultry fat (PO) to replace menhaden fish meal (FM) and/or oil (FO) in diets. The control diet included 200 g/kg (dry matter basis) FM and 98 g/kg FO. In eight treatment diets, 50% or 100% of the FM and/or FO were replaced with PM and PO. Each diet was fed to four replicate tanks of juvenile sunshine bass for 10 wks. Survival, food conversion ratio, and liposomatic index were unaffected by dietary treatment, although consumption, growth, and HSI were reduced with complete FM replacement. Fillet lipid content and athero- and thrombogenicity indices differed with lipid source; substitution of FO with PO resulted in marked increases in dietary and fillet monoenes and n-6 fatty acids. Consistent with this, dietary and fillet n-3 and highly unsaturated fatty acids were reduced in fish fed more PO. FM replacement similarly affected fillet fatty acid profile, though to a lesser degree. Our data suggests little to no interaction between FM, FO, and their alternatives in diets for sunshine bass, except with respect to the effect of FO and residual lipids in FM on tissue fatty acid composition.  相似文献   

Effect of Replacing Menhaden Oil with Catfish Oil on the Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus     

Clifford C.  O'Neal Christopher C.  Kohler 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2008,39(1):62-71

The effect of using a finishing diet containing menhaden fish oil on the fatty acid composition of fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, was evaluated in a 12‐wk growth trial. Three isocaloric, isonitrogenous practical diets with three different sources of lipids (menhaden oil [MO], catfish oil [CO], or beef tallow [BT]) were formulated (35% crude protein). No differences in eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or arachidonic acid were observed to occur in catfish fed MO or CO diets; however, these fatty acids were significantly lower in fish fed BT diet. No differences were observed for unsaturated fatty acid content in channel catfish fed a diet containing MO for 8 or 12 wk. In addition, no differences in production characteristics were observed to occur when catfish were fed diets containing CO, MO, or BT as the dietary lipid source, which indicates that BT, CO, and MO are equally effective as sources of energy. It is apparent from these results that CO may be successfully substituted for MO in formulated diets without adversely affecting n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content in channel catfish.  相似文献   

Simplified method for the determination of ethoxyquin in alfalfa products and mixed feeds     

S C Witt  E M Bickoff  G O Kohler 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1973,56(1):167-170

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The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes     

Floudas D  Binder M  Riley R  Barry K  Blanchette RA  Henrissat B  Martínez AT  Otillar R  Spatafora JW  Yadav JS  Aerts A  Benoit I  Boyd A  Carlson A  Copeland A  Coutinho PM  de Vries RP  Ferreira P  Findley K  Foster B  Gaskell J  Glotzer D  Górecki P  Heitman J  Hesse C  Hori C  Igarashi K  Jurgens JA  Kallen N  Kersten P  Kohler A  Kües U  Kumar TK  Kuo A  LaButti K  Larrondo LF  Lindquist E  Ling A  Lombard V  Lucas S  Lundell T  Martin R  McLaughlin DJ  Morgenstern I  Morin E  Murat C  Nagy LG  Nolan M  Ohm RA  Patyshakuliyeva A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6089):1715-1719

Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non-lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period.  相似文献   

Novel link between inflammation and impaired glucose transport during equine insulin resistance     

AP Waller  L Huettner  K Kohler  VA Lacombe 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2012,149(3-4):208-215

Although insulin resistance (IR) has been increasingly recognized in horses, a clear understanding of its pathophysiology is lacking. The purpose of the present study was to determine the early pathologic changes in IR horses by characterizing alterations in proteins that play key roles in innate immunological responses and inflammatory pathways, and by identifying potential links with glucose transport and insulin signaling. Visceral (VIS) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue and skeletal muscle (SM) biopsies were collected from horses, which were classified as insulin-sensitive (IS) or IR based on the results of an insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Protein expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were quantified by Western blotting in VIS and SC adipose depots and SM, as well as insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). To better characterize the potential relationship between inflammation, IR and impaired glucose transport, we correlated active cell surface glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) content (measured by a cell surface biotinylated assay) with individual- and tissue-specific data related to inflammation. IR was associated with a significantly increased expression of TLR-4 and SOCS-3 in SM and VIS tissue, without a significant change in SC site. We also observed a significant increase in TNF-α in VIS, but not in SC, tissue of IR vs. IS horses. There was no difference in total content or serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 for any sampling site in IR compared to IS horses. We further observed a significant positive correlation between TLR-4 content and SOCS-3, as well as a significant negative correlation between SOCS-3 content and GLUT-4 trafficking. Taken together, the data suggested a pro-inflammatory state in SM and VIS, but not SC, adipose depot during compensated IR. In addition, SOCS-3 appears to be a novel link between inflammation and dysregulated glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity during the early pathogenesis of insulin resistance.  相似文献   

Myowater dynamics and protein secondary structural changes as affected by heating rate in three pork qualities: a combined FT-IR microspectroscopic and 1H NMR relaxometry study     

Wu Z  Bertram HC  Böcker U  Ofstad R  Kohler A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(10):3990-3997

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of heating rate on myowater dynamics and protein secondary structures in three pork qualities by proton NMR T2 relaxation and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy measurements. Two oven temperatures at 100 degrees C and 200 degrees C corresponding to slow and fast heating rates were applied on three pork qualities (DFD, PSE, and normal) to an internal center temperature of 65 degrees C. The fast heating induced a higher cooking loss, particularly for PSE meat. The water proton T21 distribution representing water entrapped within the myofibrillar network was influenced by heating rate and meat quality. Fast heating broadened the T21 distribution and decreased the relaxation times of the T21 peak position for three meat qualities. The changes in T21 relaxation times in meat can be interpreted in terms of chemical and diffusive exchange. FT-IR showed that fast heating caused a higher gain of random structures and aggregated beta-sheets at the expense of native alpha-helixes, and these changes dominate the fast-heating-induced broadening of T21 distribution and reduction in T21 times. Furthermore, of the three meat qualities, PSE meat had the broadest T21 distribution and the lowest T21 times for both heating rates, reflecting that the protein aggregation of PSE caused by heating is more extensive than those of DFD and normal, which is consistent with the IR data. The present study demonstrated that the changes in T2 relaxation times of water protons affected by heating rate and raw meat quality are well related to the protein secondary structural changes as probed by FT-IR microspectroscopy.  相似文献