The analgesic and sedative effects of GV20 pharmacopuncture with low-dose hydromorphone in healthy dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy     

Elizabeth M. Scallan  Stacy L. Eckman  Caleb D. Coursey  Kristine C. Ikels  Bradley T. Simon 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2021,62(10):1104

This study evaluates the analgesic efficacy of low-dose hydromorphone administered via pharmacopuncture at Governing Vessel 20 (GV20) for postoperative pain management following canine ovariohysterectomy. Fifty clinically healthy female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy were allocated to receive hydromorphone [0.1 mg/kg body weight (BW)] intramuscularly (IM, n = 25) or hydromorphone (0.01 mg/kg BW) pharmacopuncture at GV20 (GV, n = 25) following extubation. This was a prospective, blinded, randomized clinical trial. Pain and sedation scores were evaluated using the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale Short Form (CMPS-SF) at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 12 hours following study treatment. Time of treatment failure (CMPS-SF ≥ 6/24) was recorded and analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Patient demographics and duration of surgery and anesthesia were analyzed using the appropriate unpaired Student’s t-test. The Glasgow CMPS-SF and sedation score were analyzed using a repeated measures 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post-test where appropriate. Significance was set a P < 0.05. There were no significant differences in patient demographics, anesthesia and surgery duration, and study treatment failure. The Glasgow CMPS-SF scores were significantly higher for IM compared with GV [2 (0 to 8) versus 1 (0 to 6), respectively; P = 0.044] at 4 hours. Sedation scores were significantly higher for IM compared with GV at 2 [2 (1 to 3) and 1 (1 to 3), respectively; P = 0.0004] and 4 [1 (1 to 3) and 1 (1 to 2), respectively; P = 0.03] hours. Pharmacopuncture with low-dose hydromorphone provided adequate postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy with reduced sedative effects. Pharmacopuncture is a good alternative in dogs when reduced dosing of opioids is recommended.  相似文献   

Forest recovery in set-aside windthrow is facilitated by fast growth of advance regeneration     

Jerzy Szwagrzyk  Zbigniew Maciejewski  Ewa Maciejewska  Andrzej Tomski  Anna Gazda 《Annals of Forest Science》2018,75(3):80

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The Effects of Forced Exercise on Collagen Type II Fragments,Lysyl Oxidase Concentrations,and Total Protein Concentrations in Sera and Synovial Fluid of Lambs     

Kristine L. Vernon  Laura Riggs  Josie Coverdale  Ashbey Budd Bodine  John Gibbons 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2010

Excessive exercise may induce osteoarthritis, which is a leading cause of lameness and decreased use in horses. The purpose of this study was to utilize a sheep model to determine the effects of circular and linear exercise on biochemical markers in serum and synovial fluid (SF). Twenty lambs (5 months) were assigned to three groups: circular exercise (C, 8.5 m diameter; n = 8), straight-line exercise (S, treadmill; n = 8) and nonexercised control (CON, n = 4). Lambs (C and S) were exercised up to 8 weeks at 1.3 m/s for up to 30 minutes, 6 days per week. Serum and SF from a metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint was collected. Serum total protein (P = .66), Collagen Type II cleavage [3/4] fragments concentrations (P = .44) and lysyl oxidase (LOX) (P = .15) activity were not different among treatment groups throughout the study. There was a polynomial response to serum LOX over time (R² = 0.7464). There were no differences in SF total protein (P = .94, right MCP; P = .68, left MCP) or SF LOX specific activities (P = .9, right MCP; P = .93, left MCP) among groups throughout the study. However, SF LOX specific activity did increase over time (P = .001) for all treatment groups. These results indicated that the biochemical markers utilized in this study were unable to detect differences between groups with respect to exercise protocols. However, the LOX activity did increase over time possibly as a result of growth.  相似文献   

The authors respond     

Tomás G. Guerrero Dr. med vet Diplomate ECVS  Mariano A. Makara Dr. med vet Diplomate ECVDI  Kristine Katiofsky Dr. med vet  Joe P. Morgan Prof. DVM Diplomate ACVR  Pierre M. Montavon Prof. Dr. med vet 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2011,40(5):643-643

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Gotch ear: a poorly described, local, pathologic condition of livestock associated primarily with the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum     

Edwards KT 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,183(1-2):1-7

Gotch ear is a condition in animals in which the ear is swollen, deformed, curled, drooped, possibly necrotic, and is usually associated with attachment by the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum. Little is known of the etiology or epidemiology of gotch ear in livestock. Reports generally describe the condition in cattle, but it has also been reported in horses and mules and more recently in a goat. This review explores the history and etymology of the term "gotch ear" and reports on current status, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and epidemiology of gotch ear. Finally, clinical definition of gotch ear is offered.  相似文献   

Elevated CO(2) concentration affects leaf photosynthesis-nitrogen relationships in Pinus taeda over nine years in FACE     

Crous KY  Walters MB  Ellsworth DS 《Tree physiology》2008,28(4):607-614

To investigate whether long-term elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]) causes declines in photosynthetic enhancement and leaf nitrogen (N) owing to limited soil fertility, we measured photosynthesis, carboxylation capacity and area-based leaf nitrogen concentration (N(a)) in Pinus taeda L. growing in a long-term free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) facility at an N-limited site. We also determined how maximum rates of carboxylation (V(cmax)) and electron transport (J(max)) varied with N(a) under elevated [CO(2)]. In trees exposed to elevated [CO(2)] for 5 to 9 years, the slope of the relationship between leaf photosynthetic capacity (A(net-Ca)) and N(a) was significantly reduced by 37% in 1-year-old needles, whereas it was unaffected in current-year needles. The slope of the relationships of both V(cmax) and J(max) with N(a) decreased in 1-year-old needles after up to 9 years of growth in elevated [CO(2)], which was accompanied by a 15% reduction in N allocation to the carboxylating enzyme. Nitrogen fertilization (110 kg N ha(-1)) in the ninth year of exposure to elevated [CO(2)] restored the slopes of the relationships of V(cmax) and J(max) with N(a) to those of control trees (i.e., in ambient [CO(2)]). The J(max):V(cmax) ratio was unaffected by either [CO(2)] or N fertilization. Changes in the apparent allocation of N to photosynthetic components may be an important adjustment in pines exposed to elevated [CO(2)] on low-fertility sites. We conclude that fundamental relationships between photosynthesis or its component processes with N(a) may be altered in aging pine needles after more than 5 years of exposure to elevated atmospheric [CO(2)].  相似文献   

Effects of drought and canopy ozone exposure on antioxidants in fine roots of mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica)     

Haberer K  Herbinger K  Alexou M  Rennenberg H  Tausz M 《Tree physiology》2008,28(5):713-719

We quantified ascorbate, glutathione and alpha-tocopherol in fine roots of mature Fagus sylvatica L. under free-air canopy ozone (O(3)) exposure (twice ambient O(3) concentration, 2x[O(3)]) during two growing seasons that differed in the extent of summer drought (exceptional drought year 2003, average year 2004). This design allowed us to test whether O(3) exposure or drought, or both, affected root antioxidants during the growing season. In both years, root ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol showed a similar relationship with volumetric soil water content (SWC): ascorbate concentrations on a root dry mass basis increased from about 6 to 12 micromol g(-1) when SWC dropped from 25 to 20%, and a-tocopherol increased from 100 to 150 nmol g(-1) at SWC values below 20%. Root glutathione showed no relationship with SWC or differences between the dry and the average year, but it was significantly and consistently diminished by 2x[O(3)]. Our results were inconclusive as to whether shoot-root translocation of glutathione or glutathione production in the roots was diminished. Phloem glutathione concentrations in the canopy remained constant, but reduced transport velocity in the phloem and, as a consequence, reduced mass flow of glutathione cannot be ruled out.  相似文献   

Canopy position affects photosynthetic adjustments to long-term elevated CO2 concentration (FACE) in aging needles in a mature Pinus taeda forest     

Crous KY  Ellsworth DS 《Tree physiology》2004,24(9):961-970

Few studies have examined the effects of elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on the physiology of intact forest canopies, despite the need to understand how leaf-level responses can be aggregated to assess effects on whole-canopy functioning. We examined the long-term effects of elevated [CO2] (ambient + 200 ppm CO2) on two age classes of needles in the upper and lower canopy of Pinus taeda L. during the second through sixth year of exposure to elevated [CO2] in free-air (free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)) in North Carolina, USA. Strong photosynthetic enhancement in response to elevated [CO2] (e.g., +60% across age classes and canopy locations) was observed across the years. This stimulation was 33% greater for current-year needles than for 1-year-old needles in the fifth and sixth years of treatment. Although photosynthetic stimulation in response to elevated [CO2] was maintained through the sixth year of exposure, we found evidence of concurrent down-regulation of Rubisco and electron transport capacity in the upper-canopy sunlit leaves. The lower canopy showed no evidence of down-regulation. The upper canopy down-regulated carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and electron transport capacity (Jmax) by about 17-20% in 1-year-old needles; however, this response was significant across sampling years only for Jmax in 1-year-old needles (P < 0.02). A reduction in leaf photosynthetic capacity in aging conifer needles at the canopy top could have important consequences for canopy carbon balance and global carbon sinks because 1-year-old sunlit needles contribute a major proportion of the annual carbon balance of these conifers. Our finding of a significant interaction between canopy position and CO2 treatment on the biochemical capacity for CO2 assimilation suggests that it is important to take canopy position and needle aging into account because morphologically and physiologically distinct leaves could respond differently to elevated [CO2].  相似文献   

The counteracting effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and drought episodes: Studies of enchytraeid communities in a dry heathland     

Kristine Maraldo  Leon van der Linden  Teis N. Mikkelsen  Martin Holmstrup 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(11):1958-1966

The potential impacts of interactions of multiple climate change factors in soil ecosystems have received little attention. Most studies have addressed effects of single factors such as increased temperature or atmospheric CO₂ but little is known about how such environmental factors will interact. In the present study we investigate the effects of in situ exposure to elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration, increased temperatures and prolonged drought episodes on field communities of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) in a dry heathland (Brandbjerg, Denmark). Increased CO₂ had a positive effect on enchytraeid biomass, whereas drought significantly reduced it. Elevated temperature did not result in any detectable effects. No interactions between the three factors were observed. Interestingly, the positive effect of increased CO₂ and the negative effect of drought were cancelled out when applied in combination. Thus, in the combined drought and CO₂ treatment, and when additionally combined with increased temperature, the total biomass of enchytraeids was similar to those in the ambient plots. The positive effect of increased CO₂ seemed to be influenced by season, as the response was most pronounced during summer, and less so in autumn. The impact of the drought was more consistent, with enchytraeids reduced at all sampling occasions. Moreover, the negative effect of drought seemed to depend on the inter-annual variability of precipitation. The year with a dry summer and autumn (2006) showed a stronger impact of drought on the enchytraeids, compared to the year with a wet summer and autumn (2007). Our study emphasises the importance of multi-factorial experimental design as a means to investigate effects of climatic changes.  相似文献   

Cholelithiasis in four callitrichid species (Leontopithecus, Callithrix).     

Kristine M Smith  Paul Calle  Bonnie L Raphael  Stephanie James  Robert Moore  Denise McAloose  Eric Baitchman 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2006,37(1):44-48

Medical records of three male and three female callitrichids of four species (Leontopithecus chrysopygus, Leontopithecus rosalia, Callithrix argentata argentata, Callithrix kuhlii) diagnosed with cholelithiasis were reviewed. Ages of affected animals at the time of diagnosis ranged from 2-14 yr. Definitive antemortem diagnosis of cholelithiasis was made in four of the six cases. Chronic weight loss, lethargy, and weakness were seen in all cases. Chronic intermittent diarrhea was seen in three cases. Icterus and abnormal gait were each present in two of the animals. Hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities included leukocytosis in five cases, elevated bilirubin (direct and indirect) in four cases, and anemia in four cases. Radiographic evidence of choleliths was observed in three cases. Surgical removal of choleliths was successfully performed on two animals. Full necropsies were performed on all cases, and choleliths were believed to contribute to morbidity in all cases. However, inflammatory bowel disease was determined to be the primary cause of weight loss and mortality in at least three animals. All choleliths analyzed were pigment stones, two being primarily composed of cystine.  相似文献