Between a rock and a hard place: the impacts of climate change and housing development on breeding birds in California     

Dennis Jongsomjit  Diana Stralberg  Thomas Gardali  Leonardo Salas  John Wiens 《Landscape Ecology》2013,28(2):187-200

Although the effects of climate change on species distributions have received considerable attention, land-use change continues to threaten wildlife by contributing to habitat loss and degradation. We compared projected spatial impacts of climate change and housing development across a range of housing densities on California’s birds to evaluate the relative potential impacts of each. We used species-distribution models in concert with current and future climate projections and spatially explicit housing-development density projections in California. We compared their potential influence on the distributions of 64 focal bird species representing six major vegetation communities. Averaged across GCMs, species responding positively to climate change were projected to gain 253,890 km² and species responding negatively were projected to lose 335,640 km². Development accounted for 32 % of the overall reductions in projected species distributions. In terms of land area, suburban and exurban development accounted for the largest portion of land-use impacts on species’ distributions. Areas in which climatic suitability and housing density were both projected to increase were concentrated along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and areas of the north coast. Areas of decreasing climatic suitability and increasing housing density were largely concentrated within the Central Valley. Our analyses suggest that the cumulative effects of future housing development and climate change will be large for many bird species, and that some species projected to expand their distributions with climate change may actually lose ground to development. This suggests that a key climate change adaptation strategy will be to minimize the impacts of housing development. To do this effectively, comprehensive policies to guide land use decisions are needed at the broader scales of climate change.  相似文献   

Pool of resistance mechanisms to glyphosate in Digitaria insularis     

de Carvalho LB  Alves PL  González-Torralva F  Cruz-Hipolito HE  Rojano-Delgado AM  De Prado R  Gil-Humanes J  Barro F  de Castro MD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(2):615-622

Digitaria insularis biotypes resistant to glyphosate have been detected in Brazil. Studies were carried out in controlled conditions to determine the role of absorption, translocation, metabolism, and gene mutation as mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in D. insularis. The susceptible biotype absorbed at least 12% more (14)C-glyphosate up to 48 h after treatment (HAT) than resistant biotypes. High differential (14)C-glyphosate translocation was observed at 12 HAT, so that >70% of the absorbed herbicide remained in the treated leaf in resistant biotypes, whereas 42% remained in the susceptible biotype at 96 HAT. Glyphosate was degraded to aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), glyoxylate, and sarcosine by >90% in resistant biotypes, whereas a small amount of herbicide (up to 11%) was degraded by the susceptible biotype up to 168 HAT. Two amino acid changes were found at positions 182 and 310 in EPSPS, consisting of a proline to threonine and a tyrosine to cysteine substitution, respectively, in resistant biotypes. Therefore, absorption, translocation, metabolism, and gene mutation play an important role in the D. insularis glyphosate resistance.  相似文献   

Morphological characterization of leaf, flower, fruit and seed traits among Brazilian Theobroma L. species     

Ronaldo Carvalho Santos  José Luiz Pires  Ronan Xavier Correa 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2012,59(3):327-345

Morphological variability of four wild species, one semi-cultivated and one cultivated species of Theobroma L., indigenous to Brazil and introduced in the Bahian cocoa-growing region, was characterized based on 35 quantitative and 13 qualitative traits. T. cacao, which shows a great diversity of conserved germplasm and many published references for morphological characterization, besides of being one of the most cultivated species in Theobroma, was used for comparison as reference species. Sample size was defined for each organ evaluated and individual data set related to leaf, flower, fruit and seed analyzed by a multivariate approach. The studied species showed a large variation for all morphological traits evaluated. T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum. and T. bicolor Humb. et Bonpl. showed the highest means for quantitative variables but were very divergent from each other considering flower and qualitative traits. These were the only species that presented similar number of seeds in comparison with T. cacao. A species with smaller means for most traits was T. obovatum Klotzsch ex Bernoulli. The four wild species show white seeds while T. cacao shows purple ones. Multivariate analysis of variance indicates significant differences between Theobroma species for individual or grouped morphological fruit traits. The results from a cluster analysis were, in a general way, congruent with botanical classification. The statistical analysis performed here was useful to identify a great variability among evaluated traits and to distinguish the most divergent variables from Theobroma species. This work provided an important contribution to morphological characterization of polymorphic traits from different organs of Theobroma species, which can help breeders in the future on the direction of interspecific crosses attempts.  相似文献   

AMMI-Bayesian models and use of credible regions in the study of combining ability in maize     

Bernardo Júnior  Luiz Antonio Yanes  Von Pinho  Renzo Garcia  da Silva  Carlos Pereira  Vieira Júnior  Indalécio Cunha  de Oliveira  Luciano Antonio  Silva  Eric Vinicius Vieira 《Euphytica》2021,217(8):1-1

Euphytica - With globalization and easy access to information, a consumer market that is more conscious and focused on the search for superior quality coffees appears.  相似文献   

The impact of redox conditions on the rare earth element signature of redoximorphic features in a soil sequence developed from limestone     

Cédric Laveuf  Sophie Cornu  Luiz Roberto G. Guilherme  Annie Guerin  Farid Juillot 《Geoderma》2012

Redox processes, which are widespread in soils, need to be quantified for an improved comprehension of the dynamics of Fe- and Mn-oxides and their associated trace elements. The classical methodology used to study these redox processes generally relies on the quantification of all mineral species in the various pedological features that can be related to different redox stages. However, this approach usually encounters the difficulty of precisely quantifying the different forms of poorly crystallised Fe- and Mn-oxides.In this study, we use the signature of rare earth elements (REEs) to visualise and, eventually, quantify the importance of redox processes in soils. Our approach relies on that developed by Laveuf et al. (2008) and the idea that the relative contribution to the mobilisation of REEs that is made by the primary minerals reactive to redox conditions depends on the following factors: (i) their initial proportion in the different pedological features that can be related to various redox processes, (ii) their relative mobilisation during the redox process in question, and (iii) their initial REE signatures.The catena studied is characterised by two stages of redox conditions: the first is related to the formation and subsequent dissolution of Fe–Mn concretions, and the second is related to the bleaching of the soil matrix due to morphological degradation. In this soil, the main minerals reactive to redox conditions are Mn-oxides, ferrihydrite, goethite and (fluor)apatite. The results indicate that the primary redox conditions can be characterised by a positive Ce anomaly on the REE pattern, which has been attributed to a preferential immobilisation of this element, due to its association with Mn-oxides. The results also indicate that the secondary redox conditions can be characterised by depletion in medium REEs (MREEs) in the REE pattern, which has been attributed to a preferential release of these elements during the dissolution of (fluor)apatite and, to a lesser extent, of ferrihydrite.These results emphasise the potential of REE signatures of the visualisation of the various redox processes that have been active in a soil. Additionally, REE signatures are a proxy of the frequency and intensity of the redox conditions.  相似文献   

Soil microbial biomass and organic matter fractions during transition from conventional to organic farming systems     

Valdinar B. Santos  Ademir S.F. Araújo  Luiz F.C. Leite  Luís A.P.L. Nunes  Wanderley J. Melo 《Geoderma》2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the response of soil microbial biomass and organic matter fractions during the transition from conventional to organic farming in a tropical soil. Soil samples were collected from three different plots planted with Malpighia glaba: conventional plot with 10 years (CON); transitional plot with 2 years under organic farming system (TRA); organic plot with 5 years under organic farming system (ORG). A plot under native vegetation (NV) was used as a reference. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN), soil organic matter fractioning and microbial indices were evaluated in soil samples collected at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm depth. SOC and fulvic acids fraction contents were higher in the ORG system at 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm depths. Soil MBC was highest in the ORG, in all depths, than in others plots. Soil MBN was similar between ORG, TRA and NV in the surface layer. The lowest values for soil MBC and MBN were observed in CON plot. Soil microbial biomass increased gradually from conventional to organic farming, leading to consistent and distinct differences from the conventional control by the end of the second year.  相似文献   

Peanut yield,nutrient uptake and nutrient requirements in different regions of China          下载免费PDF全文

ZHAO Shi-cheng  L&#  Ji-long  XU Xin-peng  LIN Xiao-mao  Luiz Moro ROSSO  QIU Shao-jun  Ignacio CIAMPITTI  HE Ping 《农业科学学报》2021,20(9):2502-2511

Nutrient balance is essential for attaining high yield and improving profits in agricultural farming systems, and crop nutrient uptake ratio and stoichiometry can indicate crop nutrient limitations in the field. We collected a large amount of field data to study the variations in yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient stoichiometry of peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) in Southeast China(SEC), North-central China(NCC), and Northeast China(NEC), during 1993 to 2018. Peanut pod yield gradually increased from 1993 to 2018, with average yields of 4 148, 5 138, and 4 635 kg ha–1 in SEC, NCC, and NEC, respectively. The nitrogen(N) internal efficiency(NIE, yield to N uptake ratio) was similar among the three regions, but phosphorus(P) IE(PIE, yield to P uptake ratio) changed from low to high among regions: NCCSECNEC, while potassium(K) IE(KIE, yield to K uptake ratio) portrayed a different pattern of SECNCCNEC. Based on the nutrient IE, to produce 1 Mg of pod yield, the average N, P, and K requirements of the above-ground parts of peanut were roughly 47.2, 5.1, and 25.5 kg in SEC, 44.8, 5.7, and 20.6 kg in NCC, and 44.6, 4.4, and 14.7 kg in NEC, respectively. The N/P ratio changed in the sequence NCCSECNEC, and the N/K ratio was similar in NEC and NCC, but lower in SEC. The N harvest index(HI) and KHI declined with increasing nutrient uptake across all regions under high nutrient uptake. The low PIE and N/P ratios in NCC could be explained by the high P accumulation in stover, and high KIE and N/K ratios in NEC may be attributed to the low soil K supply. The frontier analysis approach provides a practical framework and allows documentation of a decline in nutrient HI as nutrient uptake increases. Lastly, this study reveals the limitation and surplus of nutrients of peanut in different regions of China.  相似文献   

Parietal lobe: from action organization to intention understanding     

Fogassi L  Ferrari PF  Gesierich B  Rozzi S  Chersi F  Rizzolatti G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5722):662-667

Inferior parietal lobule (IPL) neurons were studied when monkeys performed motor acts embedded in different actions and when they observed similar acts done by an experimenter. Most motor IPL neurons coding a specific act (e.g., grasping) showed markedly different activations when this act was part of different actions (e.g., for eating or for placing). Many motor IPL neurons also discharged during the observation of acts done by others. Most responded differentially when the same observed act was embedded in a specific action. These neurons fired during the observation of an act, before the beginning of the subsequent acts specifying the action. Thus, these neurons not only code the observed motor act but also allow the observer to understand the agent's intentions.  相似文献   

Shopping for explanations     

Brumfiel EM  di Leonardo M  Hoffman KE  Kuzawa CW  McDade T  Schwartzman HB  Seligman R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5851):745

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Regulation of the germinal center response by microRNA-155   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Thai TH  Calado DP  Casola S  Ansel KM  Xiao C  Xue Y  Murphy A  Frendewey D  Valenzuela D  Kutok JL  Schmidt-Supprian M  Rajewsky N  Yancopoulos G  Rao A  Rajewsky K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5824):604-608

MicroRNAs are small RNA species involved in biological control at multiple levels. Using genetic deletion and transgenic approaches, we show that the evolutionarily conserved microRNA-155 (miR-155) has an important role in the mammalian immune system, specifically in regulating T helper cell differentiation and the germinal center reaction to produce an optimal T cell-dependent antibody response. miR-155 exerts this control, at least in part, by regulating cytokine production. These results also suggest that individual microRNAs can exert critical control over mammalian differentiation processes in vivo.  相似文献