Phylogeographic patterns and possible incipient domestication of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Jacaratia mexicana</Emphasis> A. DC. (Caricaceae) in Mexico     

D. Arias  J. Peñaloza-Ramírez  O. Dorado  P. Cuevas-Reyes  Esaú Leyva  Ana Luisa Albarrán-Lara  G. Rangel-Altamirano 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2010,57(8):1227-1238

Jacaratia mexicana A. DC. (Caricaceae) is a tropical tree distributed throughout Mexico and Mesoamerica. Some evidence in Mexico indicates the presence of an incipient domestication process in this species. Phylogeographical analyses can potentially determine contemporary patterns of gene flow, isolation between population lineages, as well as historical processes such as population bottlenecks or expansions on their geographical areas. In this study we reconstruct the phylogeographical patterns in populations of J. mexicana A. DC., in order to find differences between genetic variation among wild and cultivated populations utilizing chloroplast DNA and nuclear DNA sequences. We generate a Bayesian phylogenetic tree, to estimate the divergence time between clades using calibrated mutation rates. We also infer the demographic history of these populations using neutrality tests among wild and cultivated accessions. We identified higher levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity for the cpDNA and ITS types in wild populations than in domesticated populations. These results indicate a reduction of genetic diversity derived from human selection on domestication traits. Neutrality test suggests population expansion detected by the significant negative values of Fu’s Fs in the cultivated populations of this specie. These process results in an excess of rare polymorphism with the fixation of certain advantageous mutation throughout time, this implication are in accordance with the role of the strong selection in the fruit traits of J. mexicana. The dated phylogeny constructed with BEAST program indicated a dispersion pattern for the J. mexicana ancestors across the South Pacific and South Eastern populations during the late Pliocene. Posterior dispersion and divergence in the clades from Central Mexico and North Pacific are in agreement with the episodes of mountain-building in different regions of Mexico.  相似文献   

Ecological,morphological and genetic diversity in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza rufipogon</Emphasis> Griff. (Poaceae) from Hainan Island,China     

Dong Yibo  Pei Xinwu  Yuan Qianhua  Wu Hongjin  Wang Xujing  Jia Shirong  Peng Yufa 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2010,57(6):915-926

In this study, ecological, morphological and genetic diversity in 11 surviving populations of Oryza rufipogon Griff. from Hainan Island, China were investigated. These data served to provide much needed data in support of conservation strategies. The results divided O. rufipogon into six ecotypes. The cluster analysis based on 19 morphological features showed clear differentiation among populations or within populations. The cluster analysis based on SSR also revealed similar results. The ecological, morphological and genetic diversity observed in O. rufipogon resulted in the following conservation recommendations: (1) the four currently protected O. rufipogon localities should be maintained, due to the different ecological communities represented at these sites; (2) some populations, such as HL (Hele county, Hainan Island), should be protected, but some populations, such as FC (Fucheng county, Hainan Island) and DL (Dalu county, Hainan Island), might not be protected. (3) An isolation zone should be established to avoid possible introgression between O. sativa L. and O. rufipogon; and human activities that impact O. rufipogon should be reduced or eliminated.  相似文献   

Effects of soil scraping on the reclamation of tsunami-damaged paddy soil     

Dong-Jin Kang  Akira Endo  Young-Jin Seo 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2013,16(3):219-223

We investigated the possibility of tsunami-damaged paddy soil remediation in Japan using a scraping method. We collected undisturbed soil blocks to maintain the soil structure from paddy damaged by salt from the tsunami. Scraping treatments to remove the top 2 cm of the soil surface were conducted once, twice, and thrice after drying naturally in a greenhouse environment, as well as a noscraping control. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil dramatically decreased to < 1.36 dS m^?1 in the residual soils after scraping. The EC values of the residual soils were significantly lower after being scraped twice or thrice compared with a single scraping. Similarly, the mean NaCl removal rates were significantly higher with two (91%) or three scrapings (97.2%) compared with a single scraping (73.3%). The growth of rice plants was almost normal in the residual soils based on a visual score (approximately 3 on average) using a standard evaluation system at 4 weeks after transplantation. There were no significant differences in the grain yields from the residual soils with different scraping frequencies, and the EC values of all the residual soils were < 1.36 dS m^?1. This study clearly indicates that there were reductions in the EC and good plant growth performance in the residual soils after scraping, and there was also a high rate of NaCl removal. Therefore, scraping may be a useful method for the remediation of salt-damaged paddy soils when irrigation or culvert systems are affected severely by tsunamis and earthquakes.  相似文献   

Evaluation of sugarcane smut resistance in wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum L.) accessions collected in Japan     

Takeo Sakaigaichi  Yoshifumi Terajima  Makoto Matsuoka  Shin Irei  Seiji Fukuhara  Takayuki Mitsunaga 《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):327-332

ABSTRACT

Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, is one of the most important sugarcane diseases in Japan. Wild sugarcane, Saccharum spontaneum, is known to be a key breeding material to obtain high-yielding clones. In this study, we sought to identify Japanese wild sugarcane accessions with high resistance to smut. Thirty wild sugarcanes and three sugarcane cultivars were tested by the pinprick method. The results of the inoculation tests aided in identifying wild sugarcanes with high resistance to smut disease, namely JW90, Iriomote8, and Iriomote15. After screening the germplasm, progeny distribution of smut resistance from the inoculation test and dry matter productivity in the smut disease-free field were compared. The highly resistant wild sugarcane accession had a much better impact on progeny distribution of smut resistance compared with the susceptible accession. No relationship was found between smut resistance and dry matter productivity in both populations.  相似文献   

Effects of AI protocol and time interval from onset of estrus to AI on conception rate in Japanese Black cows     

Koichiro HEMMI  Ikuo KOBAYASHI  Makoto KAJISA  Go KITAHARA  Kiichi FUKUYAMA  Hiroshi HARADA  Shunichi KAMIMURA 《Animal Science Journal》2013,84(1):23-27

Two different artificial insemination (AI) protocols were investigated to determine the effect of the time interval from the onset of estrus (as detected by a pedometer) to the AI on the conception rate in Japanese Black cows. Seventy‐three cows were divided into two groups that received AI either after the induction of synchronized ovulation (synchronized AI group; n = 26) or at the time of observed estrus (control AI group; n = 47). Each group was further divided into two subgroups, which were artificially inseminated either 0–12 h (early AI group; n = 21) or 12–24 h (late AI group; n = 52) after the onset of estrus. There was no significant difference in the conception rate between the synchronized AI and control AI groups. The AI protocol and the detection of estrus using a threshold of counted steps (as measured by a pedometer) in this study could be effective for planned reproduction management without the observation of standing estrus in Japanese Black cows.  相似文献   

Influence of stem rot pathogen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fomitiporia</Emphasis> sp. on “Sanbu-sugi” cultivar of the Japanese cedar <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>     

Yoshie Terashima 《Journal of Wood Science》2013,59(1):80-87

An unidentified Fomitiporia sp. causes severe white-rot on stems of a cultivar “Sanbu-sugi” of the Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica. The influence of the fungus on tree health and wood properties was determined. Bark from dead branches and xylem from living branches contained more glucose than bark from living branches and xylem from dead branches. Tree heights at which annual rings were disconnected were 2, 4 and 6 m at ages 37, 15 and 24 years old, respectively. The pH values of damaged parts were lower than those of non-damaged parts, and the damaged parts were clearly identified using bromocresol green solution. Weight loss of sapwood during 60 days of fungal degradation was 1.4 %, which was less than that by a saprophyte, Trametes versicolor. The amount of polyphenols in the heartwood from damaged tree stems was less than that from non-damaged stems. Degraded parts were less stiff than the non-degraded sapwood as measured with a wood-decay tester, Pilodyn. Our observations indicate that damaged stems are chemically and physically inferior to non-damaged stems.  相似文献   

Effects of warming basal ends of Carolina poplar (Populus × canadensis Moench.) softwood cuttings at controlled low-air-temperature on their root growth and leaf damage after planting     

Toshio Shibuya  Shuhei Tsukuda  Ayako Tokuda  Shuji Shiozaki  Ryosuke Endo  Yoshiaki Kitaya 《Journal of Forest Research》2013,18(3):279-284

We investigated the effects of warming the basal ends of Carolina poplar (Populus × canadensis Moench.) softwood cuttings at controlled low-air-temperature on their root growth and leaf damage after planting. The warming treatment was applied to the cuttings by soaking 10 mm beyond the cut end in warmed water maintained at 30 °C in a cold chamber maintained at an air temperature of 10 °C and a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 10 μmol m^?2 s^?1 (near the light compensation point at 10 °C) until rooting was observed. The warmed cuttings were then grown in a growth chamber at an air temperature of 30 °C, relative humidity 85–90 %, and a PPFD of 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1. Control cuttings were grown in the growth chamber throughout the experiment. Rooting occurred simultaneously for both warmed and control cuttings, irrespective of air temperature. Root development was greater and leaf damage, evaluated on the basis of extent of necrosis, was less for warmed cuttings than for control cuttings. The reduction of leaf damage for warmed cuttings probably resulted from reduced post-planting water stress and leaf senescence, because of improved root development as a result of the pre-planting warming treatment. This technique could improve the propagation of cuttings of woody plants, because it would ensure that the cuttings are ready to develop roots with minimum loss of carbohydrates, irrespective of weather conditions.  相似文献   

Assessment of the decay risk of airborne wood-decay fungi III: decay risks at different sampling sites     

Ikuo Momohara  Yuko Ota  Takehiro Yamaguchi  Makoto Ishihara  Yoshihiro Takahata  Hajime Kosaka 《Journal of Wood Science》2013,59(5):442-447

The decay risk of airborne wood-decay fungi in the same volume of air was investigated by using an air sampler over the course of a year at three different sampling sites. Japanese cedar disks measuring 7.8 cm in diameter and about 3 mm in thickness, and with a moisture content of about 100 % were placed in a “BIOSAMP” air sampler and then exposed to 1000 l of air in the northern, central, and southwest parts of Japan. The exposed disks were incubated for 20 weeks in a damp container maintained at 26 ± 2 °C and degraded by fungi trapped on the disks. The decay risk was calculated from the mass loss during incubation, and the factors affecting the said risk were explored. The results showed that sampling sites apparently do not affect decay risk, even though the Scheffer’s climate indexes of the sites were quite different. The relation between the sampling month and decay risk reveals that decay risk remains virtually the same year-round. Relative humidity on a sampling day is one of the key factors affecting decay risk in sampling conducted at the central or southwest site. In contrast, no weather factors influenced decay risk at the northern sampling site.  相似文献   

Detection of Bovine Group A Rotavirus Using Rapid Antigen Detection Kits, RT-PCR and Next-Generation DNA Sequencing     

Fujiko MINAMI-FUKUDA  Makoto NAGAI  Hikaru TAKAI  Toshiaki MURAKAMI  Tadashi OZAWA  Shinobu TSUCHIAKA  Sachiko OKAZAKI  Yukie KATAYAMA  Mami OBA  Naomi NISHIURA  Yukiko SASSA  Tsutomu OMATSU  Tetsuya FURUYA  Satoshi KOYAMA  Junsuke SHIRAI  Hiroshi TSUNEMITSU  Yoshiki FUJII  Kazuhiko KATAYAMA  Tetsuya MIZUTANI 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2013,75(12):1651-1655

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Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Expression in the Uterus of Streptozotocin-treated Diabetic Mice     

Yoshie MANABE  Makoto TOCHIGI  Akiyoshi MORIWAKI  Sakae TAKEUCHI  Sumio TAKAHASHI 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2013,59(4):398-404

Reproductive functions decline with the onset of diabetes in female mice. Diabetic mice have smaller uteri with an underdeveloped endometrium, suggesting diminished estrogen-induced growth. We aimed to clarify the changes in the estrous cycle and in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) expression in the uteri of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic mice, because IGF1 is one of the main growth factors involved in estrogen-induced uterine growth. ICR female mice were intraperitoneally administered STZ (10 mg/100 g BW), and blood glucose levels were determined. Mice with blood glucose levels > 200 mg/dl were classified as diabetic mice. The onset of diabetes was associated with acyclic estrous cycles. Diabetes was also induced with STZ in ovariectomized mice. Uterine Igf1 mRNA levels were reduced in ovariectomized STZ-treated diabetic mice. Estrogen is known to stimulate Igf1 mRNA expression in the uterus, but estrogen action was abolished in the uteri of STZ-treated diabetic mice. mRNA expressions of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and steroid hormone receptor coactivators (SRC-1/Ncoa1, SRC-2/Ncoa2, SRC-3/Ncoa3 and CBP/p300/Crebbp) were reduced in the uteri of ovariectomized STZ-treated diabetic mice. The present study demonstrates that diabetes induces a decline in female reproductive functions in mice. Igf1 expression in ovariectomized diabetic female mice was decreased, and decreased responsiveness to estrogen in the uteri of diabetic mice is probably associated with a reduction in ERα and steroid receptor coactivator mRNA expression.  相似文献