Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study     

Gelfand MJ  Raver JL  Nishii L  Leslie LM  Lun J  Lim BC  Duan L  Almaliach A  Ang S  Arnadottir J  Aycan Z  Boehnke K  Boski P  Cabecinhas R  Chan D  Chhokar J  D'Amato A  Ferrer M  Fischlmayr IC  Fischer R  Fülöp M  Georgas J  Kashima ES  Kashima Y  Kim K  Lempereur A  Marquez P  Othman R  Overlaet B  Panagiotopoulou P  Peltzer K  Perez-Florizno LR  Ponomarenko L  Realo A  Schei V  Schmitt M  Smith PB  Soomro N  Szabo E  Taveesin N  Toyama M  Van de Vliert E  Vohra N  Ward C  Yamaguchi S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6033):1100-1104

With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.  相似文献   

Oral administration of tepoxalin in the horse: a PK/PD study     

Giorgi M  Cuniberti B  Ye G  Barbero R  Sgorbini M  Vercelli C  Corazza M  Re G 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2011,190(1):143-149

Tepoxalin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties and has been recently introduced into veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profile of tepoxalin to assess whether it would be suitable for clinical use in horses. Six female fasting/fed horses were given 10mg/kg tepoxalin orally in a cross-over study. After administration, tepoxalin underwent rapid and extensive hydrolytic conversion to its carboxylic acid metabolite RWJ-20142. In animals that had been fed, the plasma concentrations of tepoxalin were undetectable, whereas in fasting animals they were close to the limit of quantification of the method. No differences between the fasting/fed groups in RWJ-20142 plasma concentrations were shown. Tepoxalin showed a strong and long-lasting ex vivo inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, mainly due to its main metabolite RWJ-20142. Tepoxalin and RWJ-20142 do not seem to possess either COX-2 or 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity in the horse. These features suggest that the drug is a selective COX-1 inhibitor in horses, with no significant anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, its long term use in equine practice could be of concern.  相似文献   

Agronomic Practices at Low Environmental Impact for Durum Wheat in Mediterranean Conditions     

Francesco Montemurro  Michele Maiorana 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(4):624-638

The application of conservative agricultural practices such as crop rotation, shallow tillage, and organic fertilizer could usefully sustain crop yield and increase soil fertility, thus playing an important role in the sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effects of conservative agronomic practices on yield and quality of wheat. The effects of these practices on soil fertility were further investigated in this four-year study (2005–2008). Two cropping systems, durum wheat in continuous cropping, and in two-year rotation with leguminous crops, were investigated at Foggia (Southern Italy) in rain-fed conditions. Within each cropping system, two levels of crop management were compared: i) conventional, characterized by a higher soil tillage management and mineral fertilizers application; ii) conservative, with a lower soil tillage management and organic-mineral fertilizers. The seasonal weather greatly affected the wheat yield and quality, inducing lower production in years that were characterized by unfavorable climatic conditions. This trend was found when the conventional treatment was applied, both in continuous cropping and rotations. The effects of cropping systems and crop management pointed out the positive role played by the leguminous crops (common vetch and chickpea) in crop rotation. This introduction improved wheat yield in rotation (6.47% compared to the continuous cropping), improved grain protein content (5.88%), and reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative treatments (9.24 and 14.14% of the wheat in rotation and continuous cropping, respectively). Conversely, the effects of cropping systems and crop management on soil fertility were not very high, since the differences found at the end of the study in total nitrogen values were poor. However, total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively) and available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%) depend on root organic matter contribution, plant biomass residues, and fertilizations. The suitable crop rotation and the sustainable crop management appear important agronomical practices to improve yield and quality of wheat, and may reduce the environmental risks resulting from conventional intensive cropping systems.  相似文献   

Impact of blanching and packaging atmosphere on the formation of aroma compounds during long-term frozen storage of leek (Allium ampeloprasum Var. Bulga) slices.     

Ghita Studsgaard Nielsen  Lone Melchior Larsen  Leif Poll 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(15):4844-4852

The content of aroma compounds and the catalytic activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), alliinase, hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were analyzed in unblanched and blanched 15-mm leek slices packed in atmospheric air (21% O2) or 100% nitrogen (0% O2) three times during 12 months of frozen storage (12 M). The total amount of sulfur compounds and the total amount of aldehydes were greatly influenced by storage time, atmosphere, and blanching [concentration of sulfur compounds in fresh unblanched (UNB) slices = 1.35 mg/L, fresh blanched (B) slices = 1.09 mg/L, UNB 21% O2 12 M = 0.656 mg/L, UNB 0% O2 12 M = 2.11 mg/L, B 21% O2 12 M = 1.14 mg/L, B 0% O2 12 M = 1.59 mg/L]. B 0% O2 was closest to the original ratio between sulfur compounds and aldehydes after 12 months. The activities of HPL and alliinase were totally lost after 12 months, and ADH showed minimal activity, whereas LOX (UNB 0% O2) showed approximately 25% of the original activity. LOX was the most and HPL the least heat labile enzyme investigated.  相似文献   

Impact of blanching and packaging atmosphere on the formation of aroma compounds during long-term frozen storage of leek (Allium ampeloprasum Var. Bulga) slices.     

Ghita Studsgaard Nielsen  Lone Melchior Larsen  Leif Poll 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(15):4844-4852

The content of aroma compounds and the catalytic activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), alliinase, hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were analyzed in unblanched and blanched 15-mm leek slices packed in atmospheric air (21% O2) or 100% nitrogen (0% O2) three times during 12 months of frozen storage (12 M). The total amount of sulfur compounds and the total amount of aldehydes were greatly influenced by storage time, atmosphere, and blanching [concentration of sulfur compounds in fresh unblanched (UNB) slices = 1.35 mg/L, fresh blanched (B) slices = 1.09 mg/L, UNB 21% O2 12 M = 0.656 mg/L, UNB 0% O2 12 M = 2.11 mg/L, B 21% O2 12 M = 1.14 mg/L, B 0% O2 12 M = 1.59 mg/L]. B 0% O2 was closest to the original ratio between sulfur compounds and aldehydes after 12 months. The activities of HPL and alliinase were totally lost after 12 months, and ADH showed minimal activity, whereas LOX (UNB 0% O2) showed approximately 25% of the original activity. LOX was the most and HPL the least heat labile enzyme investigated.  相似文献   

Use of electrochemical biosensor and gas chromatography for determination of dichlorvos in wheat     

Longobardi F  Solfrizzo M  Compagnone D  Del Carlo M  Visconti A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(24):9389-9394

Two methods for the determination of dichlorvos in durum wheat by electrochemical assay and gas chromatography, respectively, have been developed. Dichlorvos, an organophosphorus anticholinesterase pesticide, was extracted from wheat with hexane, and the filtered extract was directly analyzed by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus flame detection (NPD). Recoveries of dichlorvos from milled wheat spiked at 0.25-1.5 microg/g ranged from 96.5 to 100.9%, and the limit of detection was 0.02 microg/g. The electrochemical assay was based on the detection of choline, the acetylcholinesterase product, via a choline oxidase biosensor. An aliquot of the filtered hexane extract was partitioned with phosphate buffer solution, and the organic layer was evaporated prior to electrochemical analysis. A limit of detection of 0.05 microg/g of dichlorvos was obtained with mean recoveries of 97-103% at spiking levels of 0.25-1.5 microg/g. A good correlation (r = 0.9919) was found between the results obtained with the electrochemical and those obtained with the gas chromatographic methods. The electrochemical method was peer-validated in two laboratories that analyzed 10 blind samples (5 duplicates), including a blank and 4 spiked samples with dichlorvos at levels of 0.25, 0.60, 1.00, and 1.50 microg/g. Within-laboratory repeatability (RSDr) and between-laboratory reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 5.5 to 7.8% and from 9.9 to 17.6%, respectively.  相似文献   

Impact of Land Use and Urban Runoff on the Contamination of the Sarno River Basin in Southwestern Italy     

Arienzo  Michele  Adamo  Paola  Rosaria Bianco  Maria  Violante  Pietro 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,131(1-4):349-366

A study was conducted to determine the contaminantlevel of the Sarno River basin, a small creek located insouthwestern Italy. Six sampling site locations were selected tocoincide with two previous studies conducted in 1975 and 1985 toprovide a basis for comparison. For each location, twelve sampleswere collected over the period October 1997–September 1998.Results indicated a degradation in river water quality, especiallynear the mouth. This was reflected by a dissolved oxygenconcentration of about 0.8 mg L^-1 near the urban areas ofScafati, Pompei and Castellamare of Stabia. At the same locations,BOD₅ and COD values were two to five times higher than theallowable regulatory maximum levels, respectively. About 4 kmfrom the headwaters, the average oxygen concentration was 4.7 mgL^-1, BOD₅ values were close to the standard limit (37 vs 40 mg L^-1), and COD values were above the standard limits(252 vs 160 mg L^-1). Highest concentrations were detectedduring peak tomato production. During this time, settleable solidswere also elevated, two to six times the regulatory standard.Coliform bacteria densities were found in excess of the standardlimits at all sites. Near the head of the river, mean fecalcoliform (22,571 MPN mL^-1) and streptococci densities (14,214 MPN mL^-1) surpassed the regulatory level of 120 and 20 MPN mL^-1, respectively, reflecting the input from the urbansettings of Sarno and agricultural fields. The heavy metaldissolved concentrations were low at all sampling sites. Most ofthe analyzed contaminants increased when comparend with 1985data. BOD₅ increased 5 to 10 times at sites near the urbansettings of Scafati, Pompei and Castellamare di Stabia, whereasCOD increases were twofold at all sites. A decline of chromiumlevels was observed due to the recent effective treatment ofwaste water from the tanning plants.  相似文献   

Survival times in dogs with right atrial hemangiosarcoma treated by means of surgical resection with or without adjuvant chemotherapy: 23 cases (1986-2000)     

Weisse C  Soares N  Beal MW  Steffey MA  Drobatz KJ  Henry CJ 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,226(4):575-579

OBJECTIVE: To determine survival times in dogs with right atrial hemangiosarcoma treated by means of pericardectomy and tumor resection, with or without adjuvant chemotherapy, and identify complications associated with treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 23 dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were included only if the diagnosis was confirmed histologically. RESULTS: The most common initial complaints included acute collapse (8 [35%] dogs), anorexia or inappetence (8 [35%]), and lethargy (8 [35%]). The most common physical examination abnormalities included muffled heart sounds (12 [52%] dogs), tachycardia (7 [30%]), and weak pulses (7 [30%]). Postoperative complications developed in 12 (52%) dogs; however, most complications were minor. Twenty (87%) dogs were discharged from the hospital. Survival time was significantly longer in the 8 dogs that received adjuvant chemotherapy (mean, 164 days; median, 175 days) than in the 15 dogs that did not receive chemotherapy (mean, 46 days; median, 42 days). Dogs that received chemotherapy were significantly younger and had significantly lower WBC counts than did dogs that did not receive chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that in dogs with right atrial hemangiosarcoma, surgical resection of the tumor was associated with a low complication rate and complications that did arise typically were minor. In addition, use of adjuvant chemotherapy following resection was associated with significantly longer survival times, compared with resection alone.  相似文献   

Campylobacter   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Moore JE  Corcoran D  Dooley JS  Fanning S  Lucey B  Matsuda M  McDowell DA  Mégraud F  Millar BC  O'Mahony R  O'Riordan L  O'Rourke M  Rao JR  Rooney PJ  Sails A  Whyte P 《Veterinary research》2005,36(3):351-382

Species within the genus, Campylobacter, have emerged over the last three decades as significant clinical pathogens, particularly of human public health concern, where the majority of acute bacterial enteritis in the Western world is due to these organisms. Of particular concern are the species, C. jejuni and C. coli, which are responsible for most of these gastrointestinal-related infections. Although these organisms have already emerged as causative agents of zoonoses, several aspects of their epidemiology and pathophysiology are only beginning to emerge. Trends in increasing antibiotic resistance are beginning to emerge with oral antibiotics, which may be the drug of choice for when it is necessary to intervene chemotherapeutically. This review wishes to examine (i) emerging clinical aspects of the disease, such as Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS), (ii) the association between these organisms and poultry as a natural host, (iii) environmental aspects of Campylobacter epidemiology, (iv) the emergence of atypical campylobacters (v) emerging trends in antibiotic resistance, (vi) adoption of modern methods for the detection of campylobacters.  相似文献   

Isolation of Malassezia species from healthy cats and cats with otitis     

Nardoni S  Mancianti F  Rum A  Corazza M 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2005,7(3):141-145

Lipid-dependent Malassezia species have recently been cultured from veterinary specimens. The identification of Malassezia species isolates from animals is important to clarify the epidemiology of these lipophilic yeasts. Malassezia species were cultured from the external ear canals of 63 out of 99 cats with otitis and 12 of 52 (23%) healthy control cats. The rate of isolation in affected animals versus controls was highly significant (P<0.01). Malassezia pachydermatis was isolated as a pure culture in 33 (45.2%) cats, associated with Malassezia globosa and Malassezia furfur in 20 (50%) and 17 (42.5%) animals, respectively. Three different species were isolated simultaneously in three cats (two cats with M pachydermatis, M globosa and M furfur, one subject with M pachydermatis, M furfur and Malassezia sympodialis). M globosa was isolated as the sole species in two animals. The present work confirms the presence of some lipid-dependent species of Malassezia in both healthy and otitic cats.  相似文献