Effects of Different Drying Methods on Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Fruits     

Fahim Ullah  Mansoor Khan Khattak  Said Wahab  Nauman Wahab  Muhammad Ameen 《International Journal of Fruit Science》2018,18(4):345-354

ABSTRACT

In this communication, we have discussed and compared the different drying processes i.e. flat plate solar collector, open sun and mechanical dryer with the preservative solution of Sodium Benzoate. Loquats were pretreated with preservative solution and subject to the drying process. Drying kinetics in terms of moisture lost per hour and drying rate, texture and antioxidants retention were determined before and after drying. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the different drying process has significantly affected on the kinetics of loquat fruits with the confidence interval of (α ≤ 0.05), whereas the preservative solution showed a non-significant effect on texture and antioxidants retention. High moisture lost per hour (5.4%) was recorded in mechanical dryer followed by flat plate solar collector dryer (3.7 %) while minimum (1.8%) was recorded in open sun drying. Good textured dried loquat with optimum hardness (313 g) and stiffness (141 g mm^?1) was found in flat plate solar collector dried samples. Similarly more antioxidants (52%) retained in samples dried with hot air using flat plate solar collector followed by the mechanical dryer (47%) while minimum (41%) was recorded in open sun drying. Although mechanical drying is fast, it does not help to maintain a good texture and more antioxidants. From the study, it was concluded that hot air drying using a flat plate solar collector is better for drying process to get valuable dried loquat with good texture and more antioxidants.  相似文献   

山羊酸奶加工工艺研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李莹  周剑忠  努尔古丽·热合曼  王国涛  董明盛 《乳业科学与技术》2008,31(3):104-106

山羊奶含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、矿物质及多种维生素,Ca、P及某些生物活性物质（如cAMP,cGMP等）含量高于牛奶。采用响应曲面法研究了山羊酸奶的发酵温度、加糖量、球杆菌比例和接种量。结果表明：在38℃,蔗糖添加量6％,嗜热链球菌接种量1．5％,保加利亚乳杆菌接种量0．5％的条件下,山羊酸奶品质最好。  相似文献   

Salt-induced perturbation in growth,physiological attributes,activities of antioxidant enzymes and organic solutes in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance     

Muhammad Arslan Ashraf  Mahmood Rasool  Qasim Ali  Muhammad Zulqurnain Haider  Ali Noman  Muhammad Azeem 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(12):1695-1712

A pot experiment was conducted to appraise the inhibitory effects of salt stress on biochemical attributes in the three mungbean cultivars (NCM-209, NCM-89 and NM-92). Salt stress caused a significant decrease in plant height, shoot relative water contents, photosynthetic pigments, endogenous levels of K⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺ ratios and increase in cellular levels of H₂O₂, MDA, Na⁺ and Cl^?. However, cv. NCM-209 was found to be tolerant in terms of lower salt-induced decline in K⁺, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and photosynthetic pigments. The endogenous levels of H₂O₂ and MDA were also lower in cv. NCM-209. Salt stress markedly also affected different yield attributes in all mungbean cultivars. Again cultivar NCM-209 exhibited less inhibitory effects of salt stress on different growth attributes. Salt stress resulted in a marked increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) in mungbean cultivars. Activity of peroxidase was maximal in cv. NCM-209 and catalase activity was maximal in cv. NCM-89, whereas cvs. NCM-89 and NM-92 showed higher activities of superoxide dismutase. Similarly activity of ascorbate peroxidase was higher in cv. NM-92. It could be inferred from data of antioxidant enzymes that mungbean cultivars cannot be categorized as salt tolerant or sensitive on the basis of a single antioxidant enzyme.  相似文献   

Seed priming improves growth of nursery seedlings and yield of transplanted rice     

Dr Muhammad Farooq  Shahzad M. A. Basra  Muhammad B. Khan 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(3):315-326

Abstract

An attempt to improve the performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) nursery seedlings through seed priming and its effect on the yield after transplantation was made in a field trial. Priming tools employed during the investigation include pre-germination, hydropriming for 48 h, osmohardening with KCl and CaCl₂ (ψs-1.25 MPa) for 24 h, vitamin priming with 10 ppm ascorbic acid for 48 h and seed hardening for 24 h. All the priming techniques resulted in improved germination speed and spread, seedling fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length, number of secondary roots, seedling nitrogen, total sugars and α-amylase activity. Osmohardening with CaCl₂ resulted in the best performance as indicated by improved germination speed and spread, seedling vigour and starch metabolism, followed by hardening and osmohardening with KCl. However, improved starch metabolism in coarse rice was observed in osmohardening with KCl. Higher K and Ca contents were observed in seeds osmohardened with KCl and CaCl₂, respectively. Maximum straw and kernel yield and harvest index were recorded from osmohardening with CaCl₂ in fine and osmohardening with KCl in coarse rice. Increased number of secondary roots and α-amylase activity were accompanied with increased seedling nitrogen and reducing sugars, respectively.  相似文献   

Nutrient content of maize and soil organic matter status under various tillage methods and farmyard manure levels     

Muhammad Iqbal  Anwar-Ul-Hassan  Rattan Lal 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(4):349-356

Abstract

A two-year field study was conducted under semi-arid conditions in Pakistan to assess the role of tillage systems and farmyard manure on soil, plant nutrients and organic matter content. Four tillage systems (zero, minimum, conventional and deep tillage) and three farm manure levels were used. Maize crop was grown up to maturity. Uptake of N, P and K in maize shoots improved in tillage systems compared to non-tillage and treatments where farmyard manure was applied. Soil N status decreased in the deep tillage systems, whereas it increased in all other tillage systems and in the farmyard manure amended treatments. Increase in soil P values was observed under minimum and conventional tillage, whereas deep tillage resulted in a decrease. Farmyard manure amendments increased soil P and soil K in all systems. Tillage did not affect soil K levels. Results demonstrate that reduced tillage is practicable in arid and semi-arid regions since it improves soil fertility.  相似文献   

Dinitrogen fixation and growth responses to phosphorus and aluminum application in pigeon. pea (Cajanus cajan L.)     

Kounosuke Fujita  Muhammad Iqbal Chaudhary  Joseph Jackson Adu-Gyamfi  Dai Yoshizawa 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):729-735

Abstract

Responses to aluminum phosphate (Al-P) and superphosphate (Sup-P) application in terms of dry matter production by pigeon pea and soybean were compared under field conditions. The effect of aluminum on growth and symbiotic dinitrogen fixation was examined under hydroponic conditions. In a field experiment, Al-P application significantly increased whole plant dry weight and P amount in pigeon pea, whereas in soybean, Al-P application had no significant effect on the two parameters. The results indicate that P absorption ability from Al-P is higher in pigeon pea compared to soybean. With Al-P application, leaf and whole plant Al concentration in pigeon pea significantly increased unlike in soybean.

Under hydroponic conditions, 50 nig L^?1 Al application increased the plant weight of pigeon pea while it decreased that of soybean. This treatment decreased the total nodule activity of soybean more appreciably than that of pigeon pea. Under the Al treatment conditions, whole plant P amount increased in pigeon pea, whereas it decreased in soybean, and the amount of Al increased more appreciably in pigeon pea, most of which was deposited in roots.

These results suggest that compared to soybean, pigeon pea displays a higher ability to absorb P from P compounds with a low solubility i.e. Al-P and that it is more tolerant to Al toxicity.  相似文献   

Effect of salinity on growth and solute accumulation in two wheat lines differing in salt tolerance     

Hirofumi Saneoka  Katsunori Shiota  Halil Kurban  Muhammad I. Chaudhary  Gnanasiri S. Premachandra  Kounosuke Fujita 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):873-880

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line, Saline Agriculture Research Center line 1 (SARC), was selected in a salinity tolerance improvement program at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. In this study we compared SARC with Pothowar which is a common wheat cultivar grown in the same region, in order to study the mechanism of salinity tolerance in the SARC line. Two wheat lines were planted in pots and were subjected to salt stress by daily application of a 200 mM NaCI solution for 30 d during the vegetative growth stage. Dry weight of plant parts, leaf area, leaf water status, and solute concentrations in the cell sap of the leaf tissues were determined at 13 and 30 d after initiation of the stress treatment. Decrease in the plant dry weight and leaf area due to salt stress was more pronounced in Pothowar than in SARC, indicating that SARC was more tolerant to salinity. SARC maintained a higher turgor at low leaf water potentials and showed a higher capacity of osmotic adjustment compared to Pothowar. Major osmotic a that increased by salinity in order to maintain a lower osmotic potential in the two lines were Na⁺, Cl^-, K⁺, and glycinebetaine. Increase in the concentrations of Na⁺, Cl^-, and glycinebetaine was much higher in SARC than in Pothower. These results suggested that the SARC line had a physiological mechanism that conferred a higher salinity tolerance.  相似文献   

Organic amendments differ in their effect on microbial biomass and activity and on P pools in alkaline soils     

Muhammad Asghar Malik  Khalid Saifullah Khan  Petra Marschner  Safdar Ali 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2013,49(4):415-425

Organic amendments could be used as alternative to inorganic P fertilisers, but a clear understanding of the relationship among type of P amendment, microbial activity and changes in soil P fractions is required to optimise their use. Two P-deficient soils were amended with farmyard manure (FYM), poultry litter (PL) and biogenic waste compost (BWC) at 10 g?dw?kg^?1 soil and incubated for 72 days. Soil samples were collected at days 0, 14, 28, 56 and 72 and analysed for microbial biomass C, N and P, 0.5 M NaHCO₃ extractable P and activity of dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase. Soil P fractions were sequentially extracted in soil samples collected at days 0 and 72. All three amendments increased cumulative CO₂ release, microbial biomass C, N and P and activity of dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase compared to unamended soils. The increase in microbial biomass C and N was highest with PL, whereas the greatest increase in microbial biomass P was induced with FYM. All three biomass indices showed the same temporal pattern, with the highest values on day 14 and the lowest on day 72. All amendments increased 0.5 M NaHCO₃ extractable P concentrations with the smallest increase with BWC and the greatest with FYM, although more P was added with PL than with FYM. Available P concentrations decreased over time in the amended soils. Organic amendments increased the concentration of the labile P pools (resin and NaHCO₃-P) and of NaOH-P, but had little effect on the concentrations of acid-soluble P pools and residual P except for increasing the concentration of organic P in the concentrated HCl pool. Resin P and NaHCO₃-P_i pools decreased over time whereas NaOH-P_i and all organic P pools increased. It is concluded that organic amendments can provide P to plants and can stimulate the build-up of organic P forms in soils which may provide a long-term slow-release P source for plants and soil organisms.  相似文献   

Silicon Requirement of Coarse and Fine Varieties of Rice     

Maqsood A. Gill  Rahmatullah  M. Irfan  Muhammad A. Maqsood 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):163-170

ABSTRACT

Silicon (Si) provides extra strength to plants against lodging. A hydroponic study was conducted to compare Si requirements of three high yielding, nitrogen (N) responsive, coarse varieties of rice (KSK-133, PK-3717-12, and IRRI-6) with four low yielding, lodging susceptible, fine varieties of rice (BAS-191, BAS-385, BAS-370, and PK-3300). Two-week-old uniform seedlings were grown in half strength Johnson's nutrient solution containing 0, 25, 75, and 150 mg Si kg^{? 1} as sodium silicate. The plants were allowed to grow for 45 days after transplanting. Silicon application significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased root and shoot dry matter production in all the rice varieties. The maximum shoot dry matter production occurred at 75 mg Si kg^?1 and decreased uniformly in all the rice varieties at 150 mg Si kg^{? 1}. However, growth response to Si application varied significantly (P ≤ 0.01) among various rice varieties. Root: shoot growth ratio, varying from 0.11 to 0.15, did not follow any trend. Different rice varieties and Si addition had a significant (P ≤ 0.01) main and interactive effect on concentration and total uptake of Si in rice root and shoot. Relative increases in Si content, both in shoot and root, were gradual and several fold with increasing rates of Si application. The effect was more pronounced in Basmati varieties (BAS-198, BAS-385, and BAS-370) than other varieties. A 0.91 mg Si g^{? 1} plant tissue was optimum for growth of KSK-133 (coarse), which was significantly higher than the optimum level, 0.62 mg Si g^{? 1} plant tissue, for Bas-370 (fine). However, further verification of the results is warranted under field situation.  相似文献   

A Study on Seasonal Variability of Trace Elemental Status of Forages for Grazing Ruminants     

Zafar I. Khan  Muhammad Ashraf  Altaf Hussain  L. R. McDowell 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1345-1354

An investigation was conducted to determine the trace- mineral concentrations of forages in relation to requirements of ruminants grazing in natural pastures in the province of Punjab, Pakistan during two different seasons. Animals were closely followed during grazing and forages corresponding to those consumed by the animals were taken and analyzed for copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co) concentrations. The data on the trace- mineral concentrations showed that most of these minerals varied greatly as a function of seasons and sampling periods. The forage Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations were affected by seasonal changes but no influence of season was observed on the concentrations of forage Mn and Co concentration. Forage Zn and Co, during both seasons and at some sampling intervals, and forage Mn during summer were at marginal deficient levels, and in contrast, all other forage trace-minerals were within the required range for ruminants during both seasons. Based on these results, the supplementation of Zn, Co, and Mn would seem most important to support optimum livestock productivity.  相似文献