Reporting zoonotic diseases     

Buxton D  Nettleton P  Hosie B  Gray D  Mitchell G 《The Veterinary record》2006,158(2):70-1; author reply 71

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Brainstem auditory evoked potentials and flash visual evoked potentials in Vietnamese miniature pot-bellied pigs     

Strain GM  Tedford BL  Gill MS 《Research in veterinary science》2006,80(1):91-95

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and flash visual evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded from juvenile (5-7 weeks of age) and adult Vietnamese miniature pot-bellied pigs to provide normative data for clinical applications. BAEP responses were collected in response to stimulus intensities of 85, 95, and 105 dB nHL. VEP responses were collected in response to flashes of white light in a darkened room. Left-right ear and left-right eye responses did not differ significantly, and were combined for analysis, with each animal providing two data points for each response. BAEP responses in juvenile subjects were mature, and in all subjects showed the typical pattern of decreasing peak latencies and increasing peak amplitudes with increasing stimulus intensity. VEP responses in juvenile subjects were near to mature values, but the latencies still exceeded those of adults. Differences in response maturation between precocial and altricial species are discussed.  相似文献   

An in vitro biomechanical comparison between prototype tapered shaft cortical bone screws and AO cortical bone screws for an equine metacarpal dynamic compression plate fixation of osteotomized equine third metacarpal bones     

Sod GA  Hubert JD  Martin GS  Gill MS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2006,35(7):634-642

OBJECTIVES: To compare biomechanical properties of a prototype 5.5 mm tapered shaft cortical screw (TSS) and 5.5 mm AO cortical screw for an equine third metacarpal dynamic compression plate (EM-DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine third metacarpal (MC3) bones. STUDY DESIGN: Paired in vitro biomechanical testing of cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid-diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by 1 of 2 methods for fracture fixation. ANIMAL POPULATION: Adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones (n=12 pairs). METHODS: Twelve pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 3 groups (4 pairs each) for (1) 4-point bending single cycle to failure testing, (2) 4-point bending cyclic fatigue testing, and (3) torsional single cycle to failure testing. An EM-DCP (10-hole, 4.5 mm) was applied to the dorsal surface of each, mid-diaphyseal osteotomized, MC3 pair. For each MC3 bone pair, 1 was randomly chosen to have the EM-DCP secured with four 5.5 mm TSS (2 screws proximal and distal to the osteotomy; TSS construct), two 5.5 mm AO cortical screws (most proximal and distal holes in the plate) and four 4.5 mm AO cortical screws in the remaining holes. The control construct (AO construct) had four 5.5 mm AO cortical screws to secure the EM-DCP in the 2 holes proximal and distal to the osteotomy in the contralateral bone from each pair. The remaining holes of the EM-DCP were filled with two 5.5 mm AO cortical screws (most proximal and distal holes in the plate) and four 4.5 mm AO cortical screws. All plates and screws were applied using standard AO/ASIF techniques. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t-test within each group. Significance was set at P<.05. RESULTS: Mean 4-point bending yield load, yield bending moment, bending composite rigidity, failure load and failure bending moment of the TSS construct were significantly greater (P<.00004 for yield and P<.00001 for failure loads) than those of the AO construct. Mean cycles to failure in 4-point bending of the TSS construct was significantly greater (P<.0002) than that of the AO construct. The mean yield load and composite rigidity in torsion of the TSS construct were significantly greater (P<.0039 and P<.00003, respectively) than that of the AO construct. CONCLUSION: The TSS construct provides increased stability in both static overload testing and cyclic fatigue testing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this in vitro study support the conclusion that the EM-DCP fixation using the prototype 5.5 mm TSS is biomechanically superior to the EM-DCP fixation using 5.5 mm AO cortical screws for the stabilization of osteotomized equine MC3.  相似文献   

SmpB: a novel outer membrane protein present in some Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains     

Holden J  Moutafis G  Istivan T  Coloe PJ  Smooker PM 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,113(1-2):109-116

A novel outer membrane protein-encoding gene was identified in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The predicted protein, SmpB, was encoded by a gene that contains regions of identity with that encoding the previously identified lipoprotein SmpA. However, the majority of the reading frame encoding SmpA and SmpB share no detectable similarity. Analysis of several strains revealed that B. hyodysenteriae harbours either smpA or the newly identified gene smpB, but not both. smpB encodes for a slightly larger protein than smpA, 17.6 and 16.8 kDa, respectively. The predicted proteins share an identical leader sequence and the first 10 amino acids of the mature protein, however, the remainder of the predicted protein sequence shows no similarity. It is hypothesised that smpA and smpB are present on the same area of the chromosome. The proteins are antigenically unique, as antisera raised against a strain of B. hyodysenteriae that expresses SmpA cannot detect SmpB and vice versa. Although the presence of an identical leader peptide suggests identical localisation of SmpA and SmpB, it is not known if the two predicted proteins share similar function.  相似文献   

How far should nutrition reach?     

Kent G 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(5):662-663

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The two major subspecies of Fusobacterium necrophorum have distinct leukotoxin operon promoter regions     

Zhang F  Nagaraja TG  George D  Stewart GC 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,112(1):73-78

Fusobacterium necrophorum, a gram-negative, non-spore-forming anaerobe, is a normal inhabitant of the alimentary tract of animals and humans. Two types of F. necrophorum, subspecies necrophorum (biotype A) and funduliforme (biotype B), have been recognized, which differ morphologically, biochemically and biologically. The organism is an opportunistic pathogen that causes numerous necrotic conditions (necrobacillosis) such as bovine hepatic abscesses and ruminant foot abscesses. Subspecies necrophorum strains are considered to be more virulent for cattle and have been shown to produce greater amounts of leukotoxin than subspecies funduliforme strains. The leukotoxin operon of F. necrophorum consists of three genes (lktBAC) of which the leukotoxin structural gene (lktA) is the second gene in the operon. In this study, the promoter regions of the leukotoxin operons from the two subspecies were identified and their nucleotide sequence compared. The promoter regions were found to differ in sequence, in length of the sequence between the upstream determinant (oppF) and the first gene of the leukotoxin operon (lktB), and in promoter strength as assayed in Escherichia coli host cells.  相似文献   

ACVIM small animal consensus statement on Lyme disease in dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention     

Littman MP  Goldstein RE  Labato MA  Lappin MR  Moore GE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2006,20(2):422-434

The purpose of this report is to offer a consensus opinion of ACVIM diplomates on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi infections in dogs (canine Lyme disease). Clinical syndromes known to commonly be associated with canine Lyme disease include polyarthritis and glomerulopathy. Serological test results can be used to document exposure to B. burgdorferi but not prove illness. Although serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/indirect fluorescent antibody assay titers can stay positive for months to years after treatment, quantitative C6 peptide antibody paired tests need more study. Serological screening of healthy dogs is controversial because it can lead to overdiagnosis or overtreatment of normal dogs, most of which never develop Lyme disease. However, serological screening can provide seroprevalence and sentinel data and stimulate owner education about tick infections and control. Although it is unknown whether treatment of seropositive healthy dogs is beneficial, the consensus is that seropositive dogs should be evaluated for proteinuria and other coinfections and tick control prescribed. Tick control can include a product that repels or protects against tick attachment, thereby helping to prevent transmission of coinfections as well as Borrelia spp. Seropositive dogs with clinical abnormalities thought to arise from Lyme disease generally are treated with doxycycline (10 mg/kg q24h for 1 month). Proteinuric dogs might need longer treatment as well as medications and diets for protein-losing nephropathy. The ACVIM diplomates believe the use of Lyme vaccines still is controversial and most do not administer them. It is the consensus opinion that additional research is needed to study predictors of illness, "Lyme nephropathy," and coinfections in Lyme endemic areas.  相似文献   

Up-regulation of NOD1 and NOD2 through TLR4 and TNF-alpha in LPS-treated murine macrophages     

Takahashi Y  Isuzugawa K  Murase Y  Imai M  Yamamoto S  Iizuka M  Akira S  Bahr GM  Momotani E  Hori M  Ozaki H  Imakawa K 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(5):471-478

NOD1 (Card4) and NOD2 (Card15) are thought to be responsible for cytoplasmic defense against bacterial entry. To gain further knowledge about how their expressions are regulated in murine macrophages, we investigated the expression of NOD1 and NOD2 mRNAs after stimulation with various endotoxins, lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan. In macrophage RAW264.7 cells, the first and second rises in NOD1 and NOD2 mRNAs were observed at 2 hr and at 8-12 hr after endotoxin treatment. Increases in NOD1 and NOD2 mRNAs at 2 hr in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells were reduced with the use of NF-kappaB inhibitor, caffeic acid phenethyl ester. In RAW264.7 cells, lipopolysaccharide-induced increases in NOD1 and NOD2 mRNAs were inhibited with anti-TLR4 antibody, and partially reduced in peritoneal macrophages obtained from TLR4-deficient mice. Furthermore, NOD1 and NOD2 mRNA expressions in RAW264.7 cells were increased by the treatment with proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), or IL-6. In TNF-alpha deficient macrophages, the expression of NOD molecules was minimal at 12 hr, and the second rise in NOD mRNA seen in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells was inhibited with anti-TNF-alpha, but not with anti-IL-1beta or anti-IL-6 antibody. These observations suggest that immediate response of NODs to endotoxins could result from NF-kappaB activation via TLR signaling, whereas the second rise in NOD mRNAs might have resulted from TNF-alpha production possibly through NF-kappaB, TLR, and/or NOD signalings.  相似文献   

Onset and progression in inherited ALS determined by motor neurons and microglia   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Boillée S  Yamanaka K  Lobsiger CS  Copeland NG  Jenkins NA  Kassiotis G  Kollias G  Cleveland DW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5778):1389-1392

Dominant mutations in superoxide dismutase cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive paralytic disease characterized by loss of motor neurons. With the use of mice carrying a deletable mutant gene, expression within motor neurons was shown to be a primary determinant of disease onset and of an early phase of disease progression. Diminishing the mutant levels in microglia had little effect on the early disease phase but sharply slowed later disease progression. Onset and progression thus represent distinct disease phases defined by mutant action within different cell types to generate non-cell-autonomous killing of motor neurons; these findings validate therapies, including cell replacement, targeted to the non-neuronal cells.  相似文献   

Observation of backward pulse propagation through a medium with a negative group velocity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gehring GM  Schweinsberg A  Barsi C  Kostinski N  Boyd RW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5775):895-897

The nature of pulse propagation through a material with a negative value of the group velocity has been mysterious, as simple models seem to predict that pulses will propagate "backward" through such a material. Using an erbium-doped optical fiber and measuring the time evolution of the pulse intensity at many points within the fiber, we demonstrate that the peak of the pulse does propagate backward inside the fiber, even though the energy flow is always in the forward direction.  相似文献