Deaths in sheep exported by sea from Western Australia - analysis of ship Master''s reports     

RT NORRIS  RB RICHARDS 《Australian veterinary journal》1989,66(4):97-102

Mortality reports were studied for 181 shipments of live sheep from Western Australia to the Middle East and Singapore in 1985 and 1986. Samples of pelleted feed for 93 shipments were analysed for quality. Overall death rate in the 6.46 million sheep exported in the period of the study was 2.18%. In sheep bound for the Middle East, most of the deaths occurred during the voyage (overall rate 1.7%, range 0.4-4.4% per shipment), although substantial mortality was recorded during discharge (rate 0.4%, range 0.0-1.8%). There were few deaths during loading (rate 0.07%, range 0.0-0.8%). Deaths in sheep bound for Singapore were almost 10-fold lower than those sent to the Middle East. Several findings suggested that ship design and management may contribute to mortality. Death rates were invariably low on some ships and often high on others. Death rates were nearly always higher in enclosed decks than in open decks on 4 vessels, and point epidemics of mortality were observed in several shipments. Temperature and relative humidity measured on the ship's bridge were not closely related to daily death rate. Antibiotics estimated to cost $226,000 were used during 33 voyages in 1986 and were considered of dubious efficacy on shipboard mortality. Analysis of feed pellets used on ship showed that the quality of the diet was within the range set by draft national standards for pellets used in the live sheep export industry.  相似文献   

Government Animal Health Laboratory Services in Western Australia   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

RB RICHARDS  TM ELLIS  JG ALLEN 《Australian veterinary journal》1993,70(9):321-323

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Alterations in activated T‐cell cytokine expression in healthy dogs over the initial 7 days of twice daily dosing with oral cyclosporine     

Caitlin Riggs  Lakshmi Narayanan  Charlee Mulligan  Robert Wills  Andrew Mackin  Claire Fellman  John Thomason  Todd Archer 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2019,42(4):385-391

Cyclosporine is a powerful T‐cell inhibitor used in the treatment of immune‐mediated and inflammatory diseases in the dog. There is limited information on how to best monitor patients on cyclosporine therapy. Currently, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assays are available. Pharmacokinetic assays that measure the concentration of cyclosporine in the blood are used to assess if an appropriate drug concentration has been achieved; however, target blood drug concentrations have not been shown to reliably correlate with suppression of T‐cell function in the dog. In human transplant recipients, therapeutic drug monitoring has shifted to include pharmacodynamic‐based monitoring. Our laboratory has validated a RT‐qPCR assay to measure the pharmacodynamic effects of cyclosporine in the dog. In this study, activated T‐cell expression of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ was measured using RT‐qPCR daily for 7 consecutive days in 8 healthy Walker hounds receiving oral cyclosporine at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 12 hr. Cytokine production was found to be markedly decreased within 24 hr after the initiation of cyclosporine and remained significantly decreased for the duration of the project. Based on these results, cyclosporine causes a rapid drop in T‐cell cytokine production that is sustained with continued dosing in healthy dogs. Although performed in healthy dogs, this study demonstrated a marked decrease in cytokine suppression within 24 hr of drug administration, suggesting that pharmacodynamic monitoring of cyclosporine's effects on T cells could be considered within several days of commencing therapy in dogs suffering from life‐threatening immune‐mediated disorders.  相似文献   

Endometrial transcript profile of progesterone‐regulated genes during early pregnancy of Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)     

Naseer A. Baba  Manjit Panigrahi  Ankita D. Verma  Abdul Sadam  Sourabh Sulabh  Supriya Chhotaray  Subhashree Parida  Narayanan Krishnaswamy  Bharat Bhushan 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2019,54(1):100-107

Progesterone (P₄) plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in most mammals. Unravelling the expression of progesterone‐regulated genes can expand the understanding of the embryonic mortality. Accordingly, we studied the relative mRNA expression of the P₄‐regulated genes in the buffalo. Uteri were collected from the abattoir and categorized into nonpregnant late luteal phase, stage I (28–38th days of gestation) and stage II (48–56th days of gestation) of pregnancy (n = 6/group). After extraction of total RNA from the endometrial tissues, we carried out qRT‐PCR for determining the relative mRNA expression of the P₄‐regulated genes using nonpregnant late luteal phase as calibrator group. The expression of LGALS3BP (essential for maternal recognition of pregnancy) gene was found to be significantly upregulated (p < 0.05), while MUC1 (important for embryo attachment) gene was downregulated in stage I and II of pregnancy. We observed no significant change in the expression of LGALS1, LGALS9 and CTSL genes. The SLC5A11 and SLC2A1 genes (involved in the transport of glucose to endometrium) in early pregnancy were upregulated in the pregnancy stage I (p < 0.05) relative to nonpregnant late luteal phase. The CST3 gene was significantly upregulated in pregnancy stage II (p < 0.01). These results provide molecular insights into the specific pathways involved in foeto‐maternal communication during early pregnancy in buffaloes.  相似文献   

Retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of minimally invasive,fluoroscopic‐assisted reduction and stabilisation of unicondylar humeral fractures          下载免费PDF全文

JA Au Yong  DD Lewis  RB Evans  SE Kim  A Pozzi 《Australian veterinary journal》2018,96(8):302-307

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Antimicrobial delivery by intrasynovial catheterisation with systemic administration for equine synovial trauma and sepsis     

AA Stewart  LR Goodrich  CR Byron  RB Evans  MC Stewart 《Australian veterinary journal》2010,88(4):115-123

Objective To present the technique for intra-articular catheter placement and report the clinical outcomes of 38 cases of equine synovial trauma and/or infection treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials administered via an intrasynovial catheter (ISC). Design Retrospective study. Procedure Medical records of 38 horses treated for synovial trauma and sepsis with frequent antimicrobial administration through an ISC from 1995 to 2008 were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained via clinical re-evaluation or telephone contact with the owners. Results The majority of horses (84%) received amikacin and Timentin® four times daily. In addition, synovial lavage through the ISC was carried out in 27 horses (71%). Only radiological evidence of osteolysis had a significant negative impact on both lameness at the time of hospital discharge and the long-term outcome. In total, 92% of horses treated with frequent antimicrobial administration through an ISC had clinical resolution of infection. Catheter obstruction occurred in three cases, necessitating replacement or removal, and two synovial fistulae developed at sites of open drainage. The majority of horses treated had a favourable outcome, with 86% being at least pasture sound and 43% returned to riding. Conclusion Septic synovial structures treated with frequent antimicrobial administration through an ISC had a good prognosis for survival and 43% returned to riding, which is consistent with the results of other studies. The use of a simple ISC should be considered when broad-spectrum intrasynovial antimicrobial administration and lavage of a septic synovial structure are indicated.  相似文献   

Selection and characterization of the inheritance of resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to chlorantraniliprole and cross‐resistance to other diamide insecticides     

Anderson Bolzan  Fernando EO Padovez  Antonio RB Nascimento  Ingrid S Kaiser  Ewerton C Lira  Fernando SA Amaral  Rubens H Kanno  Jos B Malaquias  Celso Omoto 《Pest management science》2019,75(10):2682-2689

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Phytoplankton community structure and the drawdown of nutrients and CO2 in the southern ocean     

KR Arrigo  DH Robinson  DL Worthen  RB Dunbar  GR DiTullio  M VanWoert  MP Lizotte 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,283(5400):365-367

Data from recent oceanographic cruises show that phytoplankton community structure in the Ross Sea is related to mixed layer depth. Diatoms dominate in highly stratified waters, whereas Phaeocystis antarctica assemblages dominate where waters are more deeply mixed. The drawdown of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrate per mole of phosphate and the rate of new production by diatoms are much lower than that measured for P. antarctica. Consequently, the capacity of the biological community to draw down atmospheric CO2 and transport it to the deep ocean could diminish dramatically if predicted increases in upper ocean stratification due to climate warming should occur.  相似文献   

Molecular cloning,sequence analysis and tissue expression of translationally controlled tumour protein from the WSSV‐infected Indian shrimp Penaeus indicus     

Subramanian Rajesh  C Kiruthiga  Vittobai Rashika  Revathi Priya  Rangarajan Badra Narayanan 《Aquaculture Research》2010,41(4):545-551

The gene coding for translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) was polymerase chain reaction amplified from haemocyte cDNA of Indian shrimp, Penaeus indicus, and sequenced. The N‐terminal region, a conserved one among all the TCTPs, was shown to have one substitution at position 37, in the Indian isolate. Besides this, there were two substitutions in the C‐terminal region (135, 149), exclusive to the Indian isolate. Phylogenetic analysis suggested a close relatedness of TCTP from P. indicus to Fenneropenaeus chinensis compared with other isolates. Translationally controlled tumour protein gene expression was found to be elevated in the haemocytes of WSSV‐infected shrimps compared with the uninfected ones. However, tissues from the infected shrimps did not exhibit any detectable levels of TCTP expression.  相似文献   

Causes of death in sheep exported live by sea     

RB RICHARDS  RT NORRIS  RH DUNLOP  NC McQUADE 《Australian veterinary journal》1989,66(2):33-38

Post-mortem examinations were conducted on 950 dead and terminally ill sheep during assembly for export and during transport by sea from Fremantle, Western Australia to various Middle East ports. Causes of death were grouped into 5 major categories; inanition (deaths associated with reduced feed intake, including hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia), salmonellosis (enteric and septicaemic), trauma, diseases associated with excessive feed intake (lactic acidosis and enterotoxaemia) and miscellaneous diseases (mostly of farm origin). During assembly the causes of death were salmonellosis 53.4%, miscellaneous diseases 23.8%, trauma 12.6%, inanition 10.2%, acidosis 3.9%, enterotoxaemia 3.4% and no diagnosis was made in 3.4%. During shipping the causes of death in defined populations of sheep in 5 voyages were; inanition 43.4%, salmonellosis 20.2%, trauma 10.6%, miscellaneous diseases 5.9%, enterotoxaemia 1.0% and no diagnosis was made in 19.0%. The range of mortality rates per 10,000 sheep at risk for the first 11 days at sea in 5 voyages were inanition 52.6 to 76.7, salmonellosis 7.8 to 109.8, trauma 2.1 to 17.1, miscellaneous diseases 5.9 to 17.1 and enterotoxaemia nil to 10.3.  相似文献