Survey of vaccines and SPF flocks for contamination with chick anaemia agent     

R A Nicholas  B Westbury  R D Goddard  P R Luff 《The Veterinary record》1989,124(7):170-171

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Moment arms about the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints for flexor and extensor muscles in equine forelimbs     

Brown NA  Pandy MG  Buford WL  Kawcak CE  McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2003,64(3):351-357

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether muscle moment arms at the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints can be modeled as fixed-radius pulleys for the range of motion associated with the stance phase of the gait in equine forelimbs. SAMPLE POPULATION: 4 cadaveric forelimbs from 2 healthy Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: Thin wire cables were sutured at the musculotendinous junction of 9 forelimb muscles. The cables passed through eyelets at each muscle's origin, wrapped around single-turn potentiometers, and were loaded. Tendon excursions, measured as the changes in lengths of the cables, were recorded during manual rotation of the carpal (180 degrees to 70 degrees) and metacarpophalangeal (220 degrees to 110 degrees) joints. Extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint (180 degrees and 220 degrees) was forced with an independent loading frame. Joint angle was monitored with a calibrated potentiometer. Moment arms were calculated from the slopes of the muscle length versus joint angle curves. RESULTS: At the metacarpophalangeal joint, digital flexor muscle moment arms changed in magnitude by < or = 38% during metacarpophalangeal joint extension. Extensor muscle moment arms at the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints also varied (< or = 41% at the carpus) over the range of joint motion associated with the stance phase of the gait. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings suggest that, apart from the carpal flexor muscles, muscle moment arms in equine forelimbs cannot be modeled as fixed-radius pulleys. Assuming that muscle moment arms at the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints have constant magnitudes may lead to erroneous estimates of muscle forces in equine forelimbs.  相似文献   

Use of a hydroxyapatite orbital implant in a cosmetic corneoscleral prosthesis after enucleation in a horse     

Gilger BC  Pizzirani S  Johnston LC  Urdiales NR 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2003,222(3):343-5, 316

A hydroxyapatite orbital implant was used after enucleation of an eye from a 5-year-old performance horse. A custom-made corneoscleral prosthesis was made and fitted over the hydroxyapatite implant. The implant and surgery were well tolerated. Placement of a cosmetic prosthesis is desired after enucleation of equine eyes to allow horses to return to competition. Synthetic spheres consisting of methylmethacrylate or silicone have been used, although reported complications have included extrusion, infection, and poor cosmetic results. Hydroxyapatite orbital implants made from marine coral allow vascular and fibrous tissue growth from the host orbit into the implant, which decreases the possibility of implant extrusion or infection and allows enhanced healing of defects in the overlying conjunctiva. Extraocular muscle fixation onto the implant permits motility and assists in the prevention of implant extrusion.  相似文献   

Effect of withholding feed on concentration and composition of plasma very low density lipoprotein and serum nonesterified fatty acids in horses     

Frank N  Sojka JE  Latour MA 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(7):1018-1021

OBJECTIVE: To measure and compare the concentration and composition of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in plasma and selected lipids in serum of horses fed mixed grass hay ad libitum or denied feed for 36 hours. ANIMALS: 4 healthy adult mares. PROCEDURE: Mares were either fed mixed grass hay ad libitum or denied feed for 36 hours beginning at 8:00 AM. Blood samples were collected every 2 hours during the study period and analyzed for nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), triglyceride (TG), VLDL, and glucose concentrations and composition of VLDL. RESULTS: Withholding feed significantly increased mean serum concentrations of NEFA. By 36 hours, a 16-fold increase in mean serum NEFA concentration and 2-fold increase in mean plasma VLDL concentration, compared with baseline values, were detected. Mean plasma TG concentrations significantly increased with time in feed-deprived horses. Significantly lower overall mean plasma glucose concentrations were detected in feed-deprived horses. Mean percentage of protein in VLDL was significantly lower in feed-deprived horses. Plasma VLDL concentrations varied widely among horses in response to withholding feed. Plasma TG and VLDL concentrations remained unaltered in 2 horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Withholding feed significantly increases blood lipid concentrations in horses, but individual horses respond differently. Serum NEFA concentrations were increased in all 4 horses denied feed, indicating mobilization of tissue triglyceride stores. Variation in plasma VLDL concentration in response to withholding feed suggests that its metabolism is strongly influenced by other, as yet undetermined, factors in horses. Differences in the plasma VLDL concentrations among horses in response to withholding feed may be used as an indication of susceptibility to the hyperlipemic syndrome of Equidae.  相似文献   

Dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy: postoperative recovery and long-term follow-up in 20 dogs     

De Risio L  Muñana K  Murray M  Olby N  Sharp NJ  Cuddon P 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2002,31(5):418-427

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the postoperative morbidity and long-term outcome of dogs after dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (CCSM). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Twenty dogs with CCSM. METHODS: Medical records of dogs treated by dorsal laminectomy for CCSM at North Carolina State University and Colorado State University between 1989 and 1999 were reviewed. Information on signalment, onset, progression and duration of clinical signs, diagnostic testing, sites of dorsal laminectomy, postoperative complications, length of hospitalization, and the ambulatory status on discharge was recorded. A minimum follow-up of 7 months was required for inclusion in the study. Neurologic status was graded (0 to 5) preoperatively, 2 days after surgery, and at the time of the study (final score). Improvement or worsening of the neurologic status was assessed by comparison of different scores for each dog. Additional follow-up information was obtained by means of a detailed telephone questionnaire directed at both the owner and referring veterinarian. RESULTS: Mean duration of clinical signs before surgery was 4.9 months. At admission, 15 dogs were ambulatory and 5 were nonambulatory. Neurologic status worsened in 70% of dogs 2 days after surgery but improved in all but 1 dog over the long term. Mean time to optimal recovery was 3.6 months. Long-term follow-up ranged from 7 months to 9 years (mean +/- SD, 3.2 +/- 2.4 years). Four dogs had confirmed recurrence; 2 other dogs may have had recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Dorsal cervical laminectomy is an effective treatment for CCSM in those dogs with dorsal compression or multiple sites of involvement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although most dogs' neurologic status transiently worsened after surgery, long-term outcome and recurrence rates were comparable to those seen with other surgical techniques for CCSM.  相似文献   

Quantitative analysis of production traits in saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus): III. juvenile survival     

S.R. Isberg  P.C. Thomson  F.W. Nicholas  S.G. Barker  & C. Moran 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2006,123(1):44-47

Mortality records of 1302 juvenile crocodiles were available for analysis. Crocodiles that were slaughtered during this study were treated as censored (n = 2151). Additionally, records from animals that had neither died nor been slaughtered, i.e. were still alive in the production system (n = 1582), were censored at the last date of data collection. There were a total of 3733 censored records. The data were all full‐sib records from 29 parental pairs from Janamba Croc Farm (Northern Territory, Australia), collected over nine consecutive years. Data were analysed using an extension of Cox's proportional hazards model to include frailty (random) terms to account for genetic effects. Heritability of log survival time for juvenile crocodile survival was 0.15 (SE 0.04). The probability of a juvenile crocodile surviving to day 400 was estimated to be only 51%. These results are the first to quantify juvenile survival in a captive breeding situation. Also, this is the first heritability estimate of crocodile survival and is a fundamental element in the development of a genetic improvement programme.  相似文献   

Inactivated canine parvovirus vaccines: an alternative method for assessment of potency     

R D Goddard  R A Nicholas  P R Luff 《The Veterinary record》1990,126(20):497-499

Groups of three-week-old chickens were given graded doses of inactivated canine parvovirus vaccines. Blood samples were taken three weeks later and the sera examined by ELISA for antibodies to canine parvovirus. Reproducible, linear, log-dose serological responses were observed, enabling the potency of the vaccines to be compared. The simultaneous administration of other components of canine multivalent vaccines appeared to reduce the response to the parvovirus component. When its results have been correlated with the degree of protection in dogs this test could be used to assess the potency of inactivated canine parvovirus vaccines.  相似文献   

Oil separation from wet-milled corn germ dispersions by aqueous oil extraction and aqueous enzymatic oil extraction     

Leland C. Dickey  Michael J. Kurantz  Nicholas Parris 《Industrial Crops and Products》2008,27(3):303-307

The many recent dry-grind plants that convert corn to ethanol are a potential source of substantial amounts of corn oil, if an economical method of separating it can be developed. Oil separation from corn germ by aqueous extraction (AE) was studied. Batches of 5–20% germ in a buffer solution were preheated in a pressure cooker, ground in a blender or colloid mill, churned in an incubator/shaker and centrifuged to separate a free oil fraction. The highest oil yields were obtained when the germ mass fraction was between 0.1 and 0.16. Addition of an enzyme solution to the ground germ suspension prior to churning, aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) gave an oil yield twice as high as the AE yield, carried out using similar conditions. Both types of extraction produced the most oil after a 122 °C cook followed by churning at 160 rpm and 70 °C. Oil yield increased linearly with dispersion loading, from 0.5 up to 1.0 g/cm² based on beaker cross-section (0.09–0.12 germ mass fraction). Over a several month period the germ used for the extractions became more difficult to extract, despite storage at 4 °C.  相似文献   

A questionnaire survey of the prevalence of scrapie in sheep in Britain   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

K L Morgan  K Nicholas  M J Glover  A P Hall 《The Veterinary record》1990,127(15):373-376

An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire has been used in two independent surveys to try to determine the prevalence of scrapie in the national sheep flock. The disease was recorded in 35 counties in England and Wales. About a third (26.5 and 37.3 percent) of respondents owning 100 or more sheep indicated that they had seen sheep with scrapie in their flocks. The incidences of clinical cases recorded in affected flocks in the two surveys were 0.5 and 1.1 cases/100 ewes/year. At present there is no control over the disposal of these animals. If as has been suggested, an increase in the prevalence of scrapie was a contributory factor in the emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, it would seem logical that measures should be introduced to monitor the prevalence and incidence of scrapie and to control the disposal of clinical cases.  相似文献   

Development of a forest certification standard compatible with PEFC and FSC's management requirements. A case study from Greece     

Georgiadis  Nicholas M.; Cooper  RJ 《Forestry》2007,80(2):113-135

Greece currently has no national forest certification standard.This paper explains how a draft forest management standard forGreece was developed to be compatible with both the Forest StewardshipCouncil and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certificationschemes requirements. The draft standard was tested in two contrastingforest areas to investigate its ease of operation, to indicatenecessary refinements to the standard and to reveal major areasof weakness in current forest management practices. Field testingshowed that the standard was operationally efficient and thatrelatively few changes to the standard were necessary. Majorweaknesses in current management practices were identified asbreaches of health and safety, poor training of forest workersand inadequate consultation with stakeholders.  相似文献