Management of Select Bacterial and Parasitic Conditions of Raptors     

Michelle Willette  Julia Ponder  Luis Cruz-Martinez  Lori Arent  Irene Bueno Padilla  Olga Nicolas de Francisco  Patrick Redig 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2009,12(3):491-517

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Molecular analysis of the sex chromosomes of the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus: Towards the identification of a new type of master sexual regulator in vertebrates     

ASTRID BÖHNE  Christina SCHULTHEIS  Delphine GALIANA‐ARNOUX  Alexander FROSCHAUER  Qingchun ZHOU  Cornelia SCHMIDT  Yvonne SELZ  Catherine OZOUF‐COSTAZ  Agnès DETTAI  Béatrice SEGURENS  Arnaud COULOUX  Sylvie BERNARD‐SAMAIN  Valérie BARBE  Stefan CHILMONCZYK  Frédéric BRUNET  Amandine DARRAS  Marta TOMASZKIEWICZ  Marie SEMON  Manfred SCHARTL  Jean‐Nicolas VOLFF 《Integrative zoology》2009,4(3):277-284

In contrast to mammals and birds, fish display an amazing diversity of genetic sex determination systems, with frequent changes during evolution possibly associated with the emergence of new sex chromosomes and sex‐determining genes. To better understand the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms driving this diversity, several fish models are studied in parallel. Besides the medaka (Oryzias latipes Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) for which the master sex‐determination gene has been identified, one of the most advanced models for studying sex determination is the Southern platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus, Günther 1966). Xiphophorus maculatus belongs to the Poeciliids, a family of live‐bearing freshwater fish, including platyfish, swordtails and guppies that perfectly illustrates the diversity of genetic sex‐determination mechanisms observed in teleosts. For X. maculatus, bacterial artificial chromosome contigs covering the sex‐determination region of the X and Y sex chromosomes have been constructed. Initial molecular analysis demonstrated that the sex‐determination region is very unstable and frequently undergoes duplications, deletions, inversions and other rearrangements. Eleven gene candidates linked to the master sex‐determining gene have been identified, some of them corresponding to pseudogenes. All putative genes are present on both the X and the Y chromosomes, suggesting a poor degree of differentiation and a young evolutionary age for platyfish sex chromosomes. When compared with other fish and tetrapod genomes, syntenies were detected only with autosomes. This observation supports an independent origin of sex chromosomes, not only in different vertebrate lineages but also between different fish species.  相似文献   

Pomegranate trees performance under sustained and regulated deficit irrigation     

D. S. Intrigliolo  L. Bonet  P. A. Nortes  H. Puerto  E. Nicolas  J. Bartual 《Irrigation Science》2013,31(5):959-970

The effects of sustained and regulated deficit irrigation (SDI and RDI) on “Mollar de Elche” pomegranate tree performance were investigated in a field trial conducted over three consecutive seasons. In the RDI regimes, severe water restrictions were applied during one of three phases: flowering and fruit set, fruit growth, or the final phase of fruit growth and ripening. In another approach, SDI was applied by watering trees at 50 % of the estimated crop water needs (ET_c) during the entire season. Results showed that even after three consecutive seasons of water restrictions, similar yield levels were obtained in SDI and Control trees watered at 100 % ET_c. This was because a 22 % reduction in average fresh fruit weight recorded in the SDI treatment was compensated by an increase in 28 % in the quantity of fruit collected per tree. This was most likely due to a reduction in the fall of the reproductive organs. However, the SDI strategy led to a reduction in 28 % in the yield value when fruits are sold for fresh fruit markets. Water restrictions applied only during flowering and fruit set also resulted in an increase in the quantity of fruit collected per tree, with only a slight reduction in fruit weight and without affecting the yield value. On the other hand, severe water restrictions applied during the summer (i.e., mid-phase of fruit growth) led to 24 % water savings with only a 7 % reduction in fruit weight. Fruit cracking was very low in all treatments and seasons (2–6 % over the total quantity fruit collected per tree). Only the RDI regime with restrictions during the summer increased cracking in one out of the three seasons. It is concluded that RDI can be used as a measure to cope with water scarcity and high water prices. Among all the RDI explored, the one with restrictions applied early in the season (during flowering and fruit set) was the most convenient strategy.  相似文献   

Phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis is powerfully responsible for reducing oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase expression induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Riss J  Décordé K  Sutra T  Delage M  Baccou JC  Jouy N  Brune JP  Oréal H  Cristol JP  Rouanet JM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(19):7962-7967

The effects of spirulina and its chromophore phycocyanin, both without bound Se or selenium-enriched, were studied on plasma cholesterol, early atherosclerosis, cardiac production of superoxide anions, and NAD(P)H oxidase expression in hamsters. Forty hamsters were divided into 5 groups of 8 and fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. They received by gavage either 7.14 mL/(kg day) phycocyanin (PC), Se-rich phycocyanin (SePC), spirulina (SP) or Se-rich spirulina (SeSP) in water, or water as control. SeSP and SePC supplied 0.4 microg of Se per 100 g body weight. Plasma cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol concentrations were lower in group consuming SePC. HDL-cholesterol was never affected. SePC significantly increased plasma antioxidant capacity by 42% compared with controls. A sparing effect in liver glutathione peroxidase (87% on average) and superoxide dismutase (56% on average) activity was observed for all the groups compared to controls. Aortic fatty streak area was significantly reduced in the experimental groups, especially by PC (82%) and SePC (85%). Cardiac production of superoxide anion significantly decreased by approximately 46-76% in the four experimental groups and especially in SePC group (76%). The expression of p22phox subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase decreased by 34% after consumption of SePC. The results indicate that chronic consumption of Se-rich spirulina phycocyanin powerfully prevents the development of atherosclerosis. The underlying mechanism is related mainly to inhibiting pro-oxidant factors and at a lesser extent improving the serum lipid profile.  相似文献   

β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate supplementation to adult Thoroughbred geldings increases type IIA fiber content in the gluteus medius     

Nicolas I Busse  Madison L Gonzalez  Mackenzie L Krason  Sally E Johnson 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(10)

Consumption of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) alters muscle composition and metabolism leading to strength and agility improvements in human athletes. To determine if HMB affects athletic performance and muscle function in horses, Thoroughbred geldings were fed a control (CON; n = 5) or HMB (n = 6) supplement for 6 wk prior to completing a standardized exercise test (SET). Gluteus medius (GM) muscle biopsies were obtained before the SET for fiber typing. Heart rate, biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) surface electromyograms (EMG), and fore and hind limbs metacarpophalangeal joint angles were captured at the gallop of the SET. Results demonstrate that HMB supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of type IIA and IIA/X muscle fibers in the GM with a corresponding decrease (P < 0.05) in type IIX fibers. The percentage of type I fibers was unaffected by diet. Supplementation with HMB did not result in any measurable effects on performance or biomechanical properties by comparison to CON. Supplementation with HMB resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in ST median frequency at speeds of 10 m/s and greater. Increasing treadmill speed resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in stride length and the maximal proximal forelimb fetlock angle, and a decrease (P < 0.05) in stance phase time of the gait cycle. Integrated EMG (iEMG) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing treadmill speeds for both the BF and ST with the BF exhibiting greater (P < 0.05) iEMG values than the ST. In summary, HMB increased the percentage of type IIA GM fibers, which did not translate into improved performance.  相似文献   

Assessing connectivity patterns among management units of the Newfoundland and Labrador shrimp population     

Nicolas Le Corre  Pierre Pepin  Guoqi Han  Zhimin Ma  Paul V. R. Snelgrove 《Fisheries Oceanography》2019,28(2):183-202

The Eastern Canadian northern shrimp population, representing one of the most important fisheries in the region, decreased dramatically since the mid‐2000s to a historical low in 2017, but changes were not spatially uniform. Applying a biophysical model within Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) management areas, we investigated connectivity processes during the long pelagic larval phase (2–3 months) of Pandalus borealis and key drivers of larval dispersal in different environmental conditions. We selected 3 years representative of contrasting North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phases to assess potential larval dispersal patterns of the northern shrimp population in NL, and hierarchically assessed the impact of the timing of release (yearly and daily), release location, and vertical migration behaviour on shrimp larval dispersal. Overall, we found that populations located on the northern Newfoundland and Labrador shelf supplied potential settlers to southern populations because of the dominant Labrador Current. Ocean circulation and current velocities during the NAO positive year differed from other years, generating contrasting settlement spatial patterns. Larval release location and vertical migration behaviour were the two most important influences on the strength of larval supply and settlement patterns. Inclusion of diel and ontogenic swimming behaviour increased settlement success of larvae released from inshore areas, regardless of study years. Our study improves understanding of northern shrimp stock‐recruitment relationships, their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions, and spatially non‐homogeneous population decline for bentho‐pelagic species with a long larval phase, which could potentially help improve management strategies.  相似文献   

Hydrolytic action of Lactobacillus casei CRL 705 on pork muscle sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins.   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Y Sanz  S Fadda  G Vignolo  M C Aristoy  G Oliver  F Toldrá 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(8):3441-3448

Lactobacillus casei CRL 705 was screened, among other meat isolates, for its proteinase and aminopeptidase activities toward synthetic substrates and, according to that, selected for specific assays on muscle proteins. The hydrolytic effects of whole cells, cell free extracts (CFE), and the combination of both on muscle sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein extracts was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and reverse phase HPLC analyses. The proteinase activity of whole cells caused the degradation of a great number of sarcoplasmic protein bands. A partial hydrolysis was also associated with CFE that when combined with whole cells showed an important additional degradation. Peptide profiles from sarcoplasmic protein extracts were greatly modified regardless of the addition of whole cells or CFE, although their combination intensified these changes. The generation of free amino acids was remarkable when whole cells and CFE were incorporated together to sarcoplasmic protein extracts.  相似文献   

Erosion of the native genetic resources of brown trout in Spain   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

J. L. García-Marín  N. Sanz  C. Pla 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》1999,8(3):151-158

Abstract– We analyzed the introduction of hatchery-reared trout in the Riutort Creek, a small stream in the eastern Spanish Pyrennees. We used gene correlation matrices between individuals to analyze the fish coancestry in the Riutort Creek samples and in the hatchery stock. Hatchery fish disturbed the single ancestry in the native population of the creek, and were clearly detected with principal coordinate analysis of the gene correlation matrix. The amount of introgression produced by successful introductions was estimated from the principal coordinate analysis projections of the matrix of F_ST values between the putative native Riutort Creek population, the hatchery stock and the introgressed population. In only two years the amount of introgression rose to 10%, indicating that 5% of the native ancestry is lost each year as a result of the stocking program. Based on these results, we review the present understandings on the genetic impact of hatchery fish on indigenous Spanish brown trout populations. The stocking of these populations involves a non-native broodstock widespread through the Spanish hatcheries, but successful stockings appear to be limited to wild populations subjected to occasional releases in protected or unfished areas. Surprisingly, extensive stocking in fished areas result in a more limited genetic impact on the recipient native population.  相似文献   

Irrigated agriculture in the Guadiana River high basin (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain): environmental and socioeconomic impacts   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gregorio Lpez Sanz 《Agricultural Water Management》1999,40(2-3):171-181

This article is concerned with the management of the Guadiana River high basin's water resources. The region of Castilla-La Mancha in general, and Western La Mancha and the Campo de Montiel in particular, are areas where agriculture has great economic importance. This activity is the principal water consumer, but it is necessary to take account of ecological and social considerations if two important objectives are to be achieved. Firstly, to keep wetlands and biodiversity. Secondly, to maintain natural resources which are vital if the area's future is to be assured. The paper criticizes the mechanical and partial methodological focus which has been used by conventional economics and agriculture. Thus, it supports an integrated and multidisciplinary view that recognises the region's biophysical and social characteristics in such a way that policies applied respect it.  相似文献   

Regional Differences in the Relation Between Monthly Precipitation and Bulk Concentration in France (Renecofor)     

Ulrich  Erwin  Lelong  Nicolas  Lanier  Marc  Schneider  Arnaud 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1998,102(3-4):239-257

Bulk precipitation was sampled weekly from 1993 to 1994 at 27 sites, covering the whole country. In this paper the relations between decreasing concentrations of 4-weekly mean weighted samples with increasing 4-weekly precipitation are studied using two types of equations: (i) y = a+b/x; (ii) y+1= ax^b, where y = concentration of an ion and x = 4-weekly precipitation quantity. Relationships were studied for the major ions. H⁺ did not show any relationship with the rainfall amount. From the 216 regressions (27 sites × 8 ions) for all the other ions, 55.6% showed a good fit (r equal or above 0.6) and 16.2% a very good fit (r equal or above 0.85). Good fits were found for 85% of the regressions for N-NO₃ ^-, 81% for S-SO₄ ^2-, 63% for Ca²⁺, 59% for K⁺, 55% for N-NH₄ ⁺, 37% for Mg²⁺, 33% for Cl^- and 29% for Na⁺. The comparison between sites for the same ions showed: (i) the ranking of the sites after the regressions from lower to higher concentration levels does not necessarily correspond to the ranking of the sites bi-annual mean weighted concentrations; (ii) sites showed similar behaviour for certain ions for which an explanation could be found, based on local or regional emission characteristics or air mass influences, and for others this was not possible; (iii) for certain ions and pairs of sites, comparable annual precipitation led to comparable behaviour, for others precipitation was not an explanatory factor at all, (iv) local and regional influences seem to have a much greater impact on decreasing concentrations than the gradient from the Atlantic coast to the eastern French border.  相似文献